{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T18:42:24Z","timestamp":1784140944103,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]],"date-time":"2024-08-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1723075200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"King Saud University","award":["RSPD2024R965"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2024R965"]}]},{"name":"King Saud University","award":["ANR-11-LABX-0015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-11-LABX-0015"]}]},{"name":"Agence Nationale pour la Recherche","award":["RSPD2024R965"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2024R965"]}]},{"name":"Agence Nationale pour la Recherche","award":["ANR-11-LABX-0015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-11-LABX-0015"]}]},{"name":"Ion Channels, Science and Therapeutics","award":["RSPD2024R965"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RSPD2024R965"]}]},{"name":"Ion Channels, Science and Therapeutics","award":["ANR-11-LABX-0015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-11-LABX-0015"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Trans fatty acids are specific unsaturated fats found in processed foods that undergo hydrogenation, leading to hepatic disorders such as metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) and conditions like CVD and CKD. The effects of different food samples containing trans fatty acids (elaidic and oleic acid) on the liver, heart, and kidney through antioxidant enzyme activity were investigated in animal models. Liver function tests (ALT, ALP, AST, and LDH), heart biomarker levels (CPK, TC, HDL, LDL, and triglycerides), and kidney biomarker levels (serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and serum uric acid) were examined in serum of rabbits and the histopathology of liver tissues. Results showed that these biomarkers were more elevated in the Mujahid Ghee group than in the normal control, oleic acid, and Kausar Ghee groups. The concentration of antioxidant markers such as peroxidase, glutathione, catalase, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, and superoxide dismutase were lower in the Mujahid Ghee group. HPLC showed that Mujahid Ghee had the highest quantified value of elaidic acid among all selected samples. Overall, this study demonstrated that elaidic acid in its purest form aggravated MAFLD in rabbit livers and provoked CVK and CVD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14080442","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,9]],"date-time":"2024-08-09T07:59:07Z","timestamp":1723190347000},"page":"442","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effects of a High Trans Fatty Acid Diet on Kidney-, Liver-, and Heart-Associated Diseases in a Rabbit Model"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8008-4595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hammad","family":"Ismail","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zaryab","family":"Mubashar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5337-5098","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hajra","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zeenat","family":"Naveed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0854-7428","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erum","family":"Dilshad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioinformatics and Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Capital University of Science and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0532-0532","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad Zeeshan","family":"Bhatti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sadaf","family":"Anwaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7853-4905","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samreen","family":"Saleem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Lifestyle Medicine, Health Services Academy, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6003-1245","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sabba","family":"Mehmood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Medical Sciences, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-8974-683X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Punjab University College of Pharmacy, University of the Punjab, Lahore 54590, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4754-9987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Umer","family":"Rashid","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Gujrat, Gujrat 50700, Pakistan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalia","family":"Fouad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 22452, Riyadh 11495, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2782-9615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel","family":"De Waard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Smartox Biotechnology, 6 rue des Platanes, F-38120 Saint-Egr\u00e8ve, France"},{"name":"L\u2019institut du thorax, INSERM, CNRS, UNIV NANTES, F-44007 Nantes, France"},{"name":"LabEx Ion Channels, Science & Therapeutics, Universit\u00e9 de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, F-06560 Valbonne, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaber El-Saber","family":"Batiha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, AlBeheira, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1159\/000449205","article-title":"Elaidic acid, a trans-fatty acid, enhances the metastasis of colorectal cancer cells","volume":"84","author":"Ohmori","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pathobiology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2015.1075214","article-title":"Effect of trans\u2013fatty acids on lipid metabolism: Mechanisms for their adverse health effects","volume":"32","author":"Kwon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Rev. 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