{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T12:29:21Z","timestamp":1793104161125,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729036800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine in Osijek","award":["2021-IP17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021-IP17"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine in Osijek","award":["2020-IP16"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-IP16"]}]},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine in Osijek","award":["2019-IP5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-IP5"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a public health problem with increasing prevalence. Analyses of metabolic and immune profiles have great potential for discovering new markers and mechanisms related to the development of GDM. We monitored 61 pregnant women during the first and third trimesters of pregnancy, including 13 pregnant women with GDM, 14 pregnant women with elevated glucose in the first trimester and 34 healthy pregnant women. A number of metabolic and immunological parameters were measured, including glucose, insulin, lipid status, fatty acids, lymphocyte profile, adiponectin, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-a. A higher number of T-helper lymphocytes and a higher ratio of helper\/cytotoxic lymphocytes was found in the control group in the first trimester of pregnancy. Pregnant women whose glucose threshold values were measured in the first trimester, but who did not develop GDM, showed a higher percentage of neutrophils and a lower percentage of lymphocytes in the third trimester. Differences in polyunsaturated fatty acids levels were observed between healthy pregnant women and those with glucose metabolism disorders in the first trimester of pregnancy. The results of this pilot study demonstrate that there are differences in the profiles of T lymphocytes, NK cells and polyunsaturated fatty acids between the examined groups of pregnant women, which can serve as a direction for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14100551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]],"date-time":"2024-10-16T07:58:32Z","timestamp":1729065512000},"page":"551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Metabolic and Immune Parameters in Pregnant Women with Impaired Glucose Metabolism\u2014A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jelena","family":"Omazi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, \u201cDr. Juraj Njavro\u201d National Memorial Hospital, 32000 Vukovar, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrijana","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Center Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bla\u017e","family":"Duman\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3005-4571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirta","family":"Kadivnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Center Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jasna","family":"Aladrovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Radiobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2841-7433","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lana","family":"Pa\u0111en","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology and Radiobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4481-6365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristina","family":"Kralik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nikolina","family":"Brki\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transfusion Medicine, General Hospital Vinkovci, 32100 Vinkovci, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bla\u017eenka","family":"Dobro\u0161evi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Centre Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0134-5900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Vukovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poliklinika Slavonija, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1126-7523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasenka","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omazi\u0107, J., Viljeti\u0107, B., Ivi\u0107, V., Kadivnik, M., Zibar, L., M\u00fcller, A., and Wagner, J. (2021). Early markers of gestational diabetes mellitus: What we know and which way forward?. Biochem. Med., 31.","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2021.030502"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109050","article-title":"IDF Diabetes Atlas: Estimation of Global and Regional Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Prevalence for 2021 by International Association of Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group\u2019s Criteria","volume":"183","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. 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