{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T22:51:13Z","timestamp":1788389473986,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,18]],"date-time":"2024-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1729209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), Brazil","award":["140808\/2021-3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["140808\/2021-3"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Degenerative musculoskeletal diseases represent a global health problem due to the progressive deterioration of affected individuals. As a bioactive compound, catechins have shown osteoprotective properties by stimulating osteoblastic cells and inhibiting bone resorption. Thus, this review aimed to address the mechanism of action of catechins on bone tissue. Methods: The search was applied to PubMed without limitations in date, language, or article type. Fifteen articles matched the topic and objective of this review. Results: EGCG (epigallocatechin gallate) and epicatechin demonstrated action on the osteogenic markers RANKL, TRAP, and NF-\u03ba\u03b2 and expression of BMPs and ALP, thus improving the bone microarchitecture. Studies on animals showed the action of EGCG in increasing calcium and osteoprotegerin levels, in addition to regulating the transcription factor NF-ATc1 associated with osteoclastogenesis. However, it did not show any effect on osteocalcin and RANK. Regarding human studies, EGCG reduced the risk of fracture in a dose-dependent manner. In periodontal tissue, EGCG reduced IL-6, TNF, and RANKL in vitro and in vivo. Human studies showed a reduction in periodontal pockets, gingival index, and clinical attachment level. The action of EGCG on membranes and hydrogels showed biocompatible and osteoinductive properties on the microenvironment of bone tissue by stimulating the expression of osteogenic growth factors and increasing osteocalcin and alkaline phosphate levels, thus promoting new bone formation. Conclusions: EGCG stimulates cytokines related to osteogenes, increasing bone mineral density, reducing osteoclastogenesis factors, and showing great potential as a therapeutic strategy for reducing the risk of bone fractures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14100560","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T09:58:24Z","timestamp":1729504704000},"page":"560","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Exploring the Impact of Catechins on Bone Metabolism: A Comprehensive Review of Current Research and Future Directions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7624-7689","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iris Jasmin Santos","family":"German","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, (FOB-USP), Alameda Doutor Oct\u00e1vio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5035-876X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra Maria","family":"Barbalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, Brazil"},{"name":"Research Coordination, UNIMAR Charity Hospital, Universidade de Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jesus Carlos","family":"Andreo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences (Anatomy), School of Dentistry of Bauru, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, (FOB-USP), Alameda Doutor Oct\u00e1vio Pinheiro Brisolla, 9-75, Bauru 17012-901, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2242-2071","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tereza Lais Menegucci","family":"Zutin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3159-0982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas Fornari","family":"Laurindo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina de Mar\u00edlia (FAMEMA), Mar\u00edlia 17519-030, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vict\u00f3ria Dogani","family":"Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina de Mar\u00edlia (FAMEMA), Mar\u00edlia 17519-030, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5716-2444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adriano Cressoni","family":"Ara\u00fajo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9930-9694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elen Landgraf","family":"Guiguer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Postgraduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, University of Marilia (UNIMAR), Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Mar\u00edlia (UNIMAR), Avenida Hygino Muzzy Filho, 1001, Mar\u00edlia 17525-902, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4143-4302","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Direito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Systems Integration Pharmacology, Clinical and Regulatory Science, Research Institute for Medicines, Universidade de Lisboa (iMed. 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