{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T14:03:11Z","timestamp":1788357791776,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1732492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GA 101080219"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GA 101080219"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Childhood obesity is a global health problem that affects at least 41 million children under the age of five. Increased BMI in children is associated with serious long-term health consequences, such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and psychological problems, including depression and low self-esteem. Although the etiology of obesity is complex, research suggests that the diet and lifestyle of pregnant women play a key role in shaping metabolic and epigenetic changes that can increase the risk of obesity in their children. Excessive gestational weight gain, unhealthy dietary patterns (including the Western diet), and pregnancy complications (such as gestational diabetes) are some of the modifiable factors that contribute to childhood obesity. The purpose of this narrative review is to summarize the most important and recent information on the impact of the diet and lifestyle of pregnant women on the risk of childhood obesity. Methods: This article is a narrative review that aims to summarize the available literature on the impact of pregnant women\u2019s diet and lifestyle on the risk of obesity in their offspring, with a focus on metabolic and epigenetic mechanisms. Results\/Conclusions: Current evidence suggests that a pregnant woman\u2019s lifestyle and diet can significantly contribute to lowering the risk of obesity in their offspring. However, further high-quality research is needed to understand better the metabolic and epigenetic relationships concerning maternal factors that predispose offspring to obesity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14120655","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T09:59:34Z","timestamp":1732528774000},"page":"655","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Effect of Maternal Diet and Lifestyle on the Risk of Childhood Obesity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4619-7705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edyta","family":"\u0141uszczki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzesz\u00f3w University, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5786-6214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justyna","family":"Wyszy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzesz\u00f3w University, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-6207-0157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Dymek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Health Sciences, Medical College of Rzesz\u00f3w University, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1281-1164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Dro\u017cd\u017c","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Nephrology and Hypertension, Pediatric Institute, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-007 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation in Paediatrics and Technologies-iPEDITEC- Research Group, Fundaci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n, Consorcio Hospital General, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isa","family":"Hartgring","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation in Paediatrics and Technologies-iPEDITEC- Research Group, Fundaci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n, Consorcio Hospital General, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuria","family":"Garc\u00eda-Carbonell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation in Paediatrics and Technologies-iPEDITEC- Research Group, Fundaci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n, Consorcio Hospital General, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Pediatric Department, Consorcio Hospital General, University of Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5393-3515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur","family":"Mazur","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzesz\u00f3w University, 35-959 Rzesz\u00f3w, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Serap","family":"Erdine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cerrahpasa Faculty of Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, 34320 Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-5654-6021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Just\u0117","family":"Parnarauskien\u0117","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Department, Vilnius University Hospital Santaros Klinikos, 08661 Vilnius, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0452-7822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julio","family":"Alvarez-Pitti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innovation in Paediatrics and Technologies-iPEDITEC- Research Group, Fundaci\u00f3n de Investigaci\u00f3n, Consorcio Hospital General, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"Pediatric Department, Consorcio Hospital General, University of Valencia, 46014 Valencia, Spain"},{"name":"CIBER Fisiopatolog\u00eda Obesidad y Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Childhood Obesity as a Global Problem: A Cross-sectional Survey on Global Awareness and National Program Implementation","volume":"16","author":"Pulungan","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. 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