{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T03:06:48Z","timestamp":1772766408184,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":143,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]],"date-time":"2024-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre (BRC) at the South London"},{"name":"Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust (SLaM)"},{"name":"King\u2019s College London (KCL)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Like in the general population, the prevalences of eating- and weight-related health issues in the armed forces are increasing. Relevant medical conditions include the eating disorders (EDs) anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge eating disorder, and avoidant restrictive food intake disorder (ARFID), as well as body dysmorphic disorder, muscle dysmorphia, and the relative energy deficiency in sport (RED-S) syndrome. Methods: We performed a narrative literature review on eating- and weight-related disorders in the armed forces. Results: Entry standards might exclude people with obesity, with EDs, or at high risk for EDs from entering the armed forces for military reasons and to protect the individual\u2019s health. Relevant potential risk factors of eating- and weight-related disorders in the military are the emphasis on appearance and fitness in the military, high levels of stress, military sexual trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder, deployment, relocation, long commutes, consumption of ultra-processed foods and beverages, limitations on food selection and physical exercise, and intensive combat training and field exercises. Eating- and weight-related disorders negatively impact professional military appearance and lead to problems with cardiorespiratory and neuromuscular fitness; daytime sleepiness; and a higher risk of musculoskeletal injuries, and other physical and mental health problems. Current and potential future therapeutic options include occupational health measures, psychosocial therapies, neuromodulation, and drug treatments. Conclusions: Even though randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have been performed to test treatments for obesity in the armed forces, RCTs for the treatment of EDs, body dysmorphic disorder, muscle dysmorphia, and RED-S syndrome are lacking in the military context.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14120667","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,3]],"date-time":"2024-12-03T11:48:56Z","timestamp":1733226536000},"page":"667","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Eating- and Weight-Related Disorders in the Armed Forces"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"14","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1209-6073","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hubertus","family":"Himmerich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Eating and Weight Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK"},{"name":"South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham BR3 3BX, UK"},{"name":"Bundeswehr Center for Military Mental Health, Military Hospital Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Gravina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Eating and Weight Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56100 Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Inga","family":"Schalinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, Institute of Psychology, University of the Bundeswehr Munich, 85579 Neubiberg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerd-Dieter","family":"Willmund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundeswehr Center for Military Mental Health, Military Hospital Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter Lutz","family":"Zimmermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bundeswehr Center for Military Mental Health, Military Hospital Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany"},{"name":"Federal Ministry of Defence, 10785 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3905-9857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johanna Louise","family":"Keeler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Eating and Weight Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janet","family":"Treasure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research in Eating and Weight Disorders, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London, London SE5 8AF, UK"},{"name":"South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, Bethlem Royal Hospital, Monks Orchard Road, Beckenham BR3 3BX, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqy342","article-title":"Prevalence of eating disorders over the 2000-2018 period: A systematic literature review","volume":"109","author":"Galmiche","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. 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