{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T06:40:54Z","timestamp":1792132854424,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda. Secretar\u00eda de Investigaci\u00f3n y Posgrado del Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional","award":["316809"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["316809"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Hamelia patens Jacq. (HP) is widely recognized in traditional medicine for its antimicrobial properties, which are attributed to secondary metabolites such as phenolic compounds, alkaloids, and terpenes. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici (Fo), a phytopathogenic fungus affecting economically important crops, is managed with fungicides like benzimidazoles and azoles. Excessive use of these compounds has led to resistance and environmental contamination, highlighting the need for sustainable alternatives. This study aimed to optimize the extraction of secondary metabolites from HP leaves and flowers, evaluate their antifungal activity, and assess the impact of extraction methods and plant parts on chemical composition and efficacy. Methods: Three extraction methods were employed: consecutive maceration (CM) using solvents of ascending polarity; total maceration (TM), which is a single-step methanol-based method; and ultrasound-assisted maceration (UAM) employing ultrasonic waves with methanol. Extracts were characterized by quantifying total phenols (TP), condensed tannins (TC), flavonoids (Fl), alkaloids (TA), sterols (TS), and saponins (S) using colorimetric assays and UPLC-MS. Multivariate analyses, including PCA, PLS-DA, OPLS-DA, and Pearson correlation, evaluated the relationships between the chemical profiles and antifungal activity. Results: Leaf extracts exhibited higher flavonoid and tannin contents than flower extracts. CMML showed the highest antifungal activity (IC50 3.7% w\/v), which was associated with elevated levels of these compounds. Significant correlations linked antifungal activity with rutin (HP21) and kaempferol-3-O-\u03b2-rutinoside (HP29). Conclusions: Methanolic extracts of HP exhibited significant antifungal activity against Fo. These findings highlight the importance of optimizing extraction methods and selecting specific plant parts to enhance bioactive compound efficacy, offering a sustainable approach to pathogen management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15010023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]],"date-time":"2025-01-06T11:57:58Z","timestamp":1736164678000},"page":"23","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Comparison of Secondary Metabolite Extraction Methods in Hamelia patens Jacq. and Their Inhibitory Effect on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Daniel Jafet","family":"Valle Ortiz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biotecnolog\u00eda Aplicada, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Ex-Hacienda San Juan Molino Carretera Estatal Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km 1.5, Tlaxcala C.P. 90700, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dolores Guadalupe","family":"Aguila Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biotecnolog\u00eda Aplicada, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Ex-Hacienda San Juan Molino Carretera Estatal Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km 1.5, Tlaxcala C.P. 90700, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5815-0587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda del Carmen","family":"Cruz L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biotecnolog\u00eda Aplicada, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Ex-Hacienda San Juan Molino Carretera Estatal Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km 1.5, Tlaxcala C.P. 90700, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2110-3522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diana Ver\u00f3nica","family":"Cort\u00e9s Espinosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biotecnolog\u00eda Aplicada, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Ex-Hacienda San Juan Molino Carretera Estatal Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km 1.5, Tlaxcala C.P. 90700, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Rosales Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro Interdisciplinario de Investigaci\u00f3n para el Desarrollo Integral Regional Unidad Durango, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Calle Sigma N\u00fam. 119 Fracc. 20 de noviembre, Durango, Durango C.P. 34220, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0776-1705","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabiola Elo\u00edsa","family":"Jim\u00e9nez Montejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Biotecnolog\u00eda Aplicada, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional, Ex-Hacienda San Juan Molino Carretera Estatal Tecuexcomac-Tepetitla Km 1.5, Tlaxcala C.P. 90700, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"52","article-title":"An updated phytopharmacological review on Hamelia patens Jacq","volume":"7","author":"Kaushik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. 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