{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T17:13:10Z","timestamp":1784826790253,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":86,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University Research Fund (BOF) of the University of Antwerp"},{"name":"Tilman chair \u2018Olive Polyphenols and Cardiovascular Health\u2019"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Olive leaves are a rich source of polyphenols, predominantly secoiridoids, flavonoids, and simple phenols, which exhibit various biological properties. Extracts prepared from olive leaves are associated with hypoglycemic, hypotensive, diuretic, and antiseptic properties. Upon ingestion, a substantial fraction of these polyphenols reaches the colon where they undergo extensive metabolism by the gut microbiota. Host characteristics, like age, can influence the composition of the gut microbiome, potentially affecting the biotransformation of these compounds. Therefore, it can be hypothesised that differences in the gut microbiome between young and elderly individuals may impact the biotransformation rate and the type and amount of metabolites formed. Methods: An in vitro biotransformation model was used to mimic the conditions in the stomach, small intestine and colon of two age groups of healthy participants (20\u201330 years old, \u226565 years old), using oleuropein as a single compound and an olive leaf extract as test compounds. The bacterial composition and metabolite content were investigated. Results: The study revealed that, while the same metabolites were formed in both age groups, in the young age group, less metabolite formation was observed, likely due to a reduced viable cell count. Most biotransformation reactions took place within the first 24 h of colon incubation, and mainly, deglycosylation, hydrolysis, flavonoid ring cleavage, and demethylation reactions were observed. A bacterial composition analysis showed a steep drop in \u03b1-diversity after 24 h of colon incubation, likely due to favourable experimental conditions for certain bacterial species. Conclusions: Both age groups produced the same metabolites, suggesting that the potential for polyphenols to exert their health-promoting benefits persists in healthy older individuals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15010026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]],"date-time":"2025-01-07T07:42:19Z","timestamp":1736235739000},"page":"26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Comparison of In Vitro Biotransformation of Olive Polyphenols Between Healthy Young and Elderly"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6525-5176","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stef","family":"Lauwers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis\u2014Pharmaceutical Technology (NatuRAPT), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne-Sophie","family":"Weyns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis\u2014Pharmaceutical Technology (NatuRAPT), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0831-615X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annelies","family":"Breynaert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis\u2014Pharmaceutical Technology (NatuRAPT), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Van Rillaer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valerie","family":"Van Huynegem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis\u2014Pharmaceutical Technology (NatuRAPT), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7785-4790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erik","family":"Fransen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Medical Genetics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, 2650 Edegem, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3105-1359","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wout","family":"Bittremieux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ADReM Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9400-6918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah","family":"Lebeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Bioscience Engineering, University of Antwerp, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3765-0341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmy","family":"Tuenter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis\u2014Pharmaceutical Technology (NatuRAPT), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3946-7313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nina","family":"Hermans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Products & Food Research and Analysis\u2014Pharmaceutical Technology (NatuRAPT), University of Antwerp, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polymerou-Kamilakis, A. 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