{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T20:40:32Z","timestamp":1790196032608,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1736985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Nestl\u00e9 Health Science (NHSc), 1800 Vevey, Switzerland"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Purpose: Whey protein (WP) consumption prior to a meal curbs appetite and reduces postprandial glucose (PPG) through stimulating endogenous GLP-1 secretion and insulin. Methods: We assessed the metabolic effects of a concentrated WP, using a new micelle-technology (WPM), in people with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and overweight or obesity (NCT04639726). In a randomized-crossover design, participants performed two 240 min lunch meal (622 kcal) tests 7 \u00b1 4 days apart. After an overnight fast and a standardized breakfast, 10 g (125 mL) WPM (40 kcal) or placebo (125 mL water, 0 kcal) was consumed 15 min ahead of the mixed-nutrient meal. Effects on PPG (primary endpoint), insulin, GLP-1, and branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) were evaluated with frequent blood sampling. Changes in incremental areas under the concentration curve (iAUC) were compared using a mixed model. Results: Twenty-six individuals (14 females, mean \u00b1 SD age 62.0 \u00b1 8.3 years, HbA1c 58 \u00b1 12 mmol\/mol\/7.5 \u00b1 1.1%, BMI 29.2 \u00b1 4.8 kg\/m2) completed both tests. WPM significantly reduced PPG iAUC0\u20132h by 22% (p = 0.028), and iAUC0\u20133h numerically by \u221218% (p = 0.090) vs. placebo. WPM also increased insulin iAUC0\u20131h by 61% (p &lt; 0.001), and iAUC0\u20133h by 30% (p = 0.004), respectively. Total GLP-1 iAUC0\u20132h was enhanced by 66% (p &lt; 0.001). Postprandial plasma BCAA patterns were characterized by a rapid increase and larger iAUC0\u20132h (all p &lt; 0.001) after WPM. No adverse events were ascribed to consuming WPM. Conclusions: A 125 mL pre-meal drink containing just 10 g WPM before a mixed meal reduced PPG and increased insulin, GLP-1, and BCAAs. WPM may therefore serve as a metabolic modulator in people with T2D living with overweight or obesity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15010061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]],"date-time":"2025-01-16T10:44:23Z","timestamp":1737024263000},"page":"61","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Single-Center, Crossover Study to Evaluate the Effects of Pre-Meal Whey Protein Microgel on Post-Prandial Glucometabolic and Amino Acid Response in People with Type 2 Diabetes and Overweight or Obesity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2831-3618","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian J","family":"Neeland","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA and Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiz H","family":"de Greg\u00f3rio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IBPClin, Rio de Janeiro 20241-180, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0438-223X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Zagury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Performance Lab, Rio de Janeiro 22271-070, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9804-5340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bo","family":"Ahr\u00e9n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, 221 00 Lund, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Neutel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orange County Research Center, Tustin, CA 92780, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Darimont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Societe de Produits Nestl\u00e9, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2104-7425","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John","family":"Corthesy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Societe de Produits Nestl\u00e9, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yohan","family":"Grzywinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Societe de Produits Nestl\u00e9, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilie","family":"Perrin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"SOCAR Research SA,1260 Nyon, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maximilian","family":"von Eynatten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nestl\u00e9 Health Science, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2470-0530","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Odd Erik","family":"Johansen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Nestl\u00e9 Health Science, 1000 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, K., Bowden Davies, K.A., Stevenson, E.J., and West, D.J. 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