{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T09:29:29Z","timestamp":1792056569828,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["62271415"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62271415"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["61876156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61876156"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32360212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32360212"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31900764"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31900764"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["YC2023-S338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YC2023-S338"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Department of Education Graduate Innovation Foundation Project of Jiangxi Province of China","award":["62271415"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62271415"]}]},{"name":"Department of Education Graduate Innovation Foundation Project of Jiangxi Province of China","award":["61876156"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["61876156"]}]},{"name":"Department of Education Graduate Innovation Foundation Project of Jiangxi Province of China","award":["32360212"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32360212"]}]},{"name":"Department of Education Graduate Innovation Foundation Project of Jiangxi Province of China","award":["31900764"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31900764"]}]},{"name":"Department of Education Graduate Innovation Foundation Project of Jiangxi Province of China","award":["YC2023-S338"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["YC2023-S338"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: As the global population ages, the prevalence of neurodegenerative conditions, such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies, and frontotemporal dementia, continues to rise. Understanding the impact of aging on striatal glucose metabolism is pivotal in identifying potential biomarkers for the early detection of these disorders. Methods: We investigated age-related changes in striatal glucose metabolism using both region of interest (ROI)-based and voxel-wise correlation analyses. Additionally, we employed a normative modeling approach to establish age-related metabolic trajectories and assess individual deviations from these normative patterns. In vivo cerebral glucose metabolism was quantified using a molecular neuroimaging technique, 18F-FDG PET. Results: Our results revealed significant negative correlations between age and glucose metabolism in the bilateral caudate. Furthermore, the normative modeling demonstrated a clear, progressive decline in caudate metabolism with advancing age, and the most pronounced reductions were observed in older individuals. Conclusions: These findings suggest that metabolic reductions in the caudate may serve as a sensitive biomarker for normal aging and offer valuable insights into the early stages of neurodegenerative diseases. Moreover, by establishing age-specific reference values for caudate glucose metabolism, the normative model provides a framework for detecting deviations from expected metabolic patterns, which may facilitate the early identification of metabolic alterations that could precede clinical symptoms of neurodegenerative processes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15020067","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]],"date-time":"2025-01-22T03:40:17Z","timestamp":1737517217000},"page":"67","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Age-Related Changes in Caudate Glucose Metabolism: Insights from Normative Modeling Study in Healthy Subjects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5885-246X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zijing","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"},{"name":"School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuchen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qi","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qing","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luqing","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang 330022, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guo-Rong","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality, Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.10079","article-title":"Glucose and lactate metabolism during brain activation","volume":"66","author":"Dienel","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2022.11.015","article-title":"Brain connectomics: Time for a molecular imaging perspective?","volume":"27","author":"Sala","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deery, H.A., Liang, E.X., Siddiqui, M.N., Murray, G., Voigt, K., Di Paolo, R., Moran, C., Egan, G.F., and Jamadar, S.D. (2024). Reconfiguration of metabolic connectivity in ageing. Commun. Biol., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-024-07223-0"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.12.044","article-title":"Where the brain grows old: Decline in anterior cingulate and medial prefrontal function with normal aging","volume":"35","author":"Pardo","year":"2007","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4212","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23659","article-title":"Gender differences in healthy aging and Alzheimer\u2019s Dementia: A 18F-FDG-PET study of brain and cognitive reserve","volume":"38","author":"Malpetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2013.10.009","article-title":"Characterizing the normative profile of F-FDG PET brain imaging: Sex difference, aging effect, and cognitive reserve","volume":"221","author":"Yoshizawa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res.-Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.2967\/jnumed.115.166439","article-title":"Age-Related Sex-Specific Changes in Brain Metabolism and Morphology","volume":"57","author":"Kakimoto","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Subtirelu, R.C., Teichner, E.M., Su, Y., Al-Daoud, O., Patel, M., Patil, S., Writer, M., Werner, T., Revheim, M.-E., and H\u00f8ilund-Carlsen, P.F. (2023). Aging and Cerebral Glucose Metabolism: 18F-FDG-PET\/CT Reveals Distinct Global and Regional Metabolic Changes in Healthy Patients. Life, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/life13102044"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shen, X., Liu, H., Hu, Z., Hu, H., and Shi, P. (2012). The Relationship between Cerebral Glucose Metabolism and Age: Report of a Large Brain PET Data Set. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0051517"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2017.09.011","article-title":"Evidence for brain glucose dysregulation in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"14","author":"An","year":"2018","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.14336\/AD.2015.0204","article-title":"Low Cerebral Glucose Metabolism: A Potential Predictor for the Severity of Vascular Parkinsonism and Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"6","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Aging Dis."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.06.004","article-title":"Decoding Alzheimer\u2019s disease from perturbed cerebral glucose metabolism: Implications for diagnostic and therapeutic strategies","volume":"108","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.26119","article-title":"Lower brain glucose metabolism in normal ageing is predominantly frontal and temporal: A systematic review and pooled effect size and activation likelihood estimates meta-analyses","volume":"44","author":"Deery","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2011.03.028","article-title":"Inverted-U\u2013Shaped Dopamine Actions on Human Working Memory and Cognitive Control","volume":"69","author":"Cools","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchemneu.2003.10.003","article-title":"The primate basal ganglia: Parallel and integrative networks","volume":"26","author":"Haber","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Chem. Neuroanat."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5631","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.6428-11.2012","article-title":"Controlling Human Striatal Cognitive Function via the Frontal Cortex","volume":"32","author":"Mars","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2011.04.002","article-title":"Dopaminergic control of the striatum for high-level cognition","volume":"21","author":"Cools","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198804073181402","article-title":"Uneven Pattern of Dopamine Loss in the Striatum of Patients with Idiopathic Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"318","author":"Kish","year":"1988","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410260409","article-title":"Striatal dopamine deficiency in parkinson\u2019s disease: Role of aging","volume":"26","author":"Scherman","year":"1989","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S548","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.22062","article-title":"Functional organization of the basal ganglia: Therapeutic implications for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Obeso","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2012-304558","article-title":"Beyond and below the cortex: The contribution of striatal dysfunction to cognition and behaviour in neurodegeneration","volume":"85","author":"Bertoux","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.1.152","article-title":"Striatal uptake of the dopamine reuptake ligand [C]\u03b2-CFT is reduced in Alzheimer\u2019s disease assessed by positron emission tomography","volume":"50","author":"Rinne","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1728","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2013.01.016","article-title":"Striatal morphology in early-onset and late-onset Alzheimer\u2019s disease: A preliminary study","volume":"34","author":"Pievani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3105","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15995","article-title":"Striatal dopamine transporter uptake, parkinsonism and cognition in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Kang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-022-00581-w","article-title":"Networking brainstem and basal ganglia circuits for movement","volume":"23","author":"Arber","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000004680","article-title":"Caudate nucleus as a component of networks controlling behavior","volume":"89","author":"Williams","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-022-00696-5","article-title":"The normative modeling framework for computational psychiatry","volume":"17","author":"Rutherford","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"6998","article-title":"Personalizing progressive changes to brain structure in Alzheimer\u2019s disease using normative modeling","volume":"20","author":"Verdi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2016.02.003","article-title":"Brain fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET in dementia","volume":"30","author":"Kato","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/s41597-021-01089-1","article-title":"Population-specific brain [18F]-FDG PET templates of Chinese subjects for statistical parametric mapping","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Data"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, P., Shi, L., Chen, N., Luo, Y., Wang, X., Liu, K., Mok, V.C., Chu, W.C., Wang, D., and Li, K. (2015). Construction of brain atlases based on a multi-center MRI dataset of 2020 Chinese adults. Sci. Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18216"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neunet.2019.06.012","article-title":"Compositionally-warped Gaussian processes","volume":"118","author":"Rios","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neural Netw."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72904","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.72904","article-title":"Charting brain growth and aging at high spatial precision","volume":"11","author":"Rutherford","year":"2022","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118715","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2021.118715","article-title":"Warped Bayesian linear regression for normative modelling of big data","volume":"245","author":"Fraza","year":"2021","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1518","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-024-01837-y","article-title":"Lifespan development of thalamic nuclei and characterizing thalamic nuclei abnormalities in schizophrenia using normative modeling","volume":"49","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2004.09.005","article-title":"The role of the striatal dopamine transporter in cognitive aging","volume":"138","author":"Farde","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/S0926-6410(03)00085-5","article-title":"Striatal size, glucose metabolic rate, and verbal learning in normal aging","volume":"17","author":"Brickman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Cogn. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ne.09.030186.002041","article-title":"Parallel Organization of Functionally Segregated Circuits Linking Basal Ganglia and Cortex","volume":"9","author":"Alexander","year":"1986","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8161","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.1554-07.2007","article-title":"The Role of the Dorsal Striatum in Reward and Decision-Making","volume":"27","author":"Balleine","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.157.4.635","article-title":"Age-related cognitive deficits mediated by changes in the striatal dopamine system","volume":"157","author":"Ginovart","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1849","article-title":"Differential Aging of the Human Striatum: Longitudinal Evidence","volume":"24","author":"Raz","year":"2003","journal-title":"AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12559","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0626-16.2016","article-title":"Aging Affects Dopaminergic Neural Mechanisms of Cognitive Flexibility","volume":"36","author":"Berry","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"344","article-title":"Association between decline in brain dopamine activity with age and cognitive and motor impairment in healthy individuals","volume":"155","author":"Volkow","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.03.004","article-title":"Molecular Imaging of the Dopaminergic System and its Association with Human Cognitive Function","volume":"59","author":"Cropley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0082(02)00011-4","article-title":"Dopamine and the regulation of cognition and attention","volume":"67","author":"Nieoullon","year":"2002","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S37","DOI":"10.1097\/00019052-200312002-00007","article-title":"The role of dopamine in cognition: Evidence from functional imaging studies","volume":"16","author":"Remy","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"634","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.25857","article-title":"The neurobiological basis of cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"29","author":"Halliday","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.03.024","article-title":"Dopaminergic modulation of cognitive function-implications for L-DOPA treatment in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Cools","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dcn.2013.10.009","article-title":"Caudate responses to reward anticipation associated with delay discounting behavior in healthy youth","volume":"7","author":"Benningfield","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev. Cogn. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3870","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-10-03870.1997","article-title":"Differential Activation of the Caudate Nucleus in Primates Performing Spatial and Nonspatial Working Memory Tasks","volume":"17","author":"Levy","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2011.12.010","article-title":"The functional connectivity of the human caudate: An application of meta-analytic connectivity modeling with behavioral filtering","volume":"60","author":"Robinson","year":"2012","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1111\/gbb.12386","article-title":"Transcriptional signatures of connectomic subregions of the human striatum","volume":"16","author":"Parkes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genes Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5269","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.24771","article-title":"MR-based age-related effects on the striatum, globus pallidus, and thalamus in healthy individuals across the adult lifespan","volume":"40","author":"Tullo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2015.01.003","article-title":"Subcortical volumetric changes across the adult lifespan: Subregional thalamic atrophy accounts for age-related sensorimotor performance declines","volume":"65","author":"Serbruyns","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cortex"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4629","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.23333","article-title":"Nucleus accumbens and caudate atrophy predicts longer action selection times in young and old adults","volume":"37","author":"Boisgontier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1111\/jnc.14897","article-title":"Distinct gradients of various neurotransmitter markers in caudate nucleus and putamen of the human brain","volume":"152","author":"Pifl","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.02975.x","article-title":"Caudate atrophy on MRI is a characteristic feature of FTLD-FUS","volume":"17","author":"Josephs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1097\/RLU.0000000000004998","article-title":"Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia With the Dominantly Affected Caudate Nucleus in 18F-FP-CIT PET\/CT","volume":"49","author":"Lee","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.2757","article-title":"Frequency of Cholinergic and Caudate Nucleus Dopaminergic Deficits Across the Predemented Cognitive Spectrum of Parkinson Disease and Evidence of Interaction Effects","volume":"72","author":"Bohnen","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2010.05.002","article-title":"3D maps localize caudate nucleus atrophy in 400 Alzheimer\u2019s disease, mild cognitive impairment, and healthy elderly subjects","volume":"31","author":"Madsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feng, B., Cao, J., Yu, Y., Yang, H., Jiang, Y., Liu, Y., Wang, R., and Zhao, Q. (2022). Gender-Related Differences in Regional Cerebral Glucose Metabolism in Normal Aging Brain. Front. Aging Neurosci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2022.809767"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2319","DOI":"10.1007\/s11357-022-00588-2","article-title":"Glucose metabolism patterns: A potential index to characterize brain ageing and predict high conversion risk into cognitive impairment","volume":"44","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"GeroScience"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2946","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab165","article-title":"Beyond the average patient: How neuroimaging models can address heterogeneity in dementia","volume":"144","author":"Verdi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rutherford, S., Tso, I.F., Taylor, S., Duval, E., Beckmann, C., Ruhe, H., and Marquand, A. (2021). Lifespan Normative Modeling of Internalizing & Psychotic Disorders. Biol. Psychiatry, 89.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2021.02.480"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-019-00157-w","article-title":"Coupling of cerebral blood flow and functional connectivity is decreased in healthy aging","volume":"14","author":"Galiano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."}],"container-title":["Metabolites"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/15\/2\/67\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T10:33:23Z","timestamp":1759919603000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/15\/2\/67"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["metabo15020067"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo15020067","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-1989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-1989","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,22]]}}}