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This case\u2013control study aimed to determine levels of essential TEs (manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), molybdenum (Mo)) and non-essential TEs (arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb)) in urine, whole blood, and serum to investigate a possible association with kidney and liver function, endocrine and metabolic parameters, and environmental and lifestyle sources of potential exposure and provide possible recommendations. Methods: In our case\u2013control study, women with PCOS (n = 35) and healthy controls (n = 35) underwent clinical and ultrasonographic examination, filled in questionnaires targeting general, lifestyle, and environmental information, and provided fasting venous blood samples and first morning urine for biochemical, hormonal, and TE analysis. Multiple linear regression models were used to evaluate the association between TE levels and data obtained through questionnaires. Results: In women with PCOS, lower Mo levels in whole blood (p = 0.024) and serum (p = 0.011) and higher serum Cu levels (p = 0.026) were detected when compared to healthy controls. Results of this study show that amendments in Cu and Mo levels might be related to altered kidney and liver function and disrupted hormonal balance in PCOS women. Cu levels positively correlated with leukocyte count. There was a negative correlation of Mo levels with proteinuria and luteinizing hormone levels. Regarding liver function, Mo negatively correlated with urinary bilirubin levels, and there was a positive association with alanine and aspartate aminotransferase, respectively. Dietary supplement consumption and certain diet habits appeared to be important predictors of exposure to Cu (beef consumption) or Mo (cereal and boiled vegetable consumption) and modify Mo and Cu levels in women. Conclusions: Concentrations of the chemical elements Mo and Cu in biological samples of women appear to be related to PCOS and nutrition. To our knowledge, this is a novel finding for Mo. Additional research is needed to provide more insights into the causality of the PCOS relationship with Mo and Cu in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15020079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]],"date-time":"2025-01-29T07:45:12Z","timestamp":1738136712000},"page":"79","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Association of Trace Elements with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in Women\u2014A Case-Control Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Tinkara","family":"Srnovr\u0161nik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Divison for Women\u2019s Healthcare-\u0160i\u0161ka Unit, Community Health Centre Ljubljana, Metelkova ulica 9, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6521-4593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bojana","family":"Pinter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, \u0160lajmerjeva 3, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milena","family":"Horvat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute (JSI), Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5897-5271","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janja","family":"Snoj Tratnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute (JSI), Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7179-0917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid","family":"Falnoga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute (JSI), Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1088-9873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darja","family":"Mazej","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Sciences, Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute (JSI), Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6249-5799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan","family":"Verdenik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, \u0160lajmerjeva 3, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irma","family":"Virant-Klun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"},{"name":"Clinical Research Centre, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Vrazov Trg 1, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2745","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-032046","article-title":"The Prevalence and Features of the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome in an Unselected Population","volume":"89","author":"Azziz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. 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