{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T05:27:43Z","timestamp":1789104463006,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1739145600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["42307541"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42307541"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["348-2013-6762"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["348-2013-6762"]}]},{"name":"Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA)","award":["42307541"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["42307541"]}]},{"name":"Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA)","award":["348-2013-6762"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["348-2013-6762"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The role of the indoor microbiome in sick building syndrome (SBS) is well-recognized, yet prior studies have been limited to single-center analyses, limiting a broader understanding and applicability of their findings. Methods: We conducted a multicenter indoor microbiome and metabolome investigation for SBS, involving 1139 middle school students across three regions in Malaysia (Johor Bahru, Terengganu, and Penang). Using high-throughput amplicon sequencing and untargeted LC-MS, indoor microbiome and metabolites were characterized from classroom dust samples. Results: The study found that the prevalence of SBS symptoms was high across all three centers (51.0% to 54.6%). Environmental characteristics, including indoor NO2 and CO2 concentrations and total weight of indoor dust, were positively associated with SBS (p &lt; 0.01, linear regression). Curtobacterium in Terengganu was negatively associated with SBS, and Clostridium perfringens in Johor Bahru was positively associated with SBS (p &lt; 0.01, FDR &lt; 0.05). Whereas all identified fungal taxa, including an uncharacterized uc_f_Auriculariaceae_sp., Duportella kuehneroides, and Wallemia mellicola, were positively associated with SBS (p &lt; 0.01, FDR &lt; 0.05) in Johor Bahru and Terengganu. Mediation analysis revealed that the adverse health effects of NO2 on SBS were partially mediated by the increased abundance of uc_f_Auriculariaceae_sp. (p &lt; 0.05, total effect mediated 51.40%). Additionally, potential protective metabolites (S-adenosylmethionine, N-acetylserotonin, sphinganine, 4-hydroxy-2-quinolone, and (2E,4Z,8E)-Colneleic acid) were mainly derived from environmental microorganisms, conferring protective effects against nasal symptoms and tiredness. In contrast, synthetic chemicals were associated with higher SBS symptoms, inducing eye and nasal symptoms. Conclusions: This study emphasizes both the significance of fostering a balanced indoor microbiome\/metabolite and the necessity to reduce exposure to deleterious substances, providing new insights for future targeted intervention strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15020111","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,10]],"date-time":"2025-02-10T09:29:26Z","timestamp":1739179766000},"page":"111","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A Multicenter Exploration of Sick Building Syndrome Symptoms in Malaysian Schools: Indoor Pollutants, Microbial Taxa, and Metabolites"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongqi","family":"Bu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peian","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bingqian","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jamal Hisham","family":"Hashim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health & Occupational Safety, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Selangor, Shah Alam 40000, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0708-7447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zailina","family":"Hashim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunilla","family":"Wieslander","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medical Science, University Hospital, Uppsala University, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5174-6668","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Norb\u00e4ck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Department of Medical Science, University Hospital, Uppsala University, 75237 Uppsala, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9530-8478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xi","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NMPA Key Laboratory for Technology Research and Evaluation of Pharmacovigilance, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center of Public Health Detection and Assessment, School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"},{"name":"Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Joint 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