{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T17:29:02Z","timestamp":1791048542493,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,22]],"date-time":"2025-02-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Childhood obesity has seen an important rise in recent decades, in both the pediatric and adult populations. Excess weight can cause various health complications, such as the metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of medical conditions linked to adverse cardiometabolic outcomes. Although MetS may be attributed mainly to adults, early life factors, such as birth characteristics and feeding practices, may influence its development in obese children. Aim: This study aims to investigate the relationships between birth metrics, early feeding practices, and the prevalence of MetS and its components among obese children. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted on 800 obese patients aged 0\u201318 years, admitted to the \u201cLouis \u021aurcanu\u201d Children\u2019s Clinical and Emergency Hospital in Timi\u0219oara, Romania, from 1 January 2013 to 31 December 2023. Patients were divided according to gestational age: small for gestational age (SGA), appropriate for gestational age (AGA), and large for gestational age (LGA). Results: Type 2 diabetes (18.2%), hypercholesterolemia (24.6%), IR (41.3%), and MetS (39.2%) were more prevalent among oSGA patients included in the study. These patients were breastfed for longer periods but weaned at a younger age. oLGA patients had the highest BMI values (28.4 \u00b1 4.2) and, in this study group, hypertriglyceridemia (29.4%), arterial hypertension (26.8%), and lower HDL-C (41.7 \u00b1 6.3 mg\/dL) were more prevalent. The incidence of MetS increased with age (12.6 \u00b1 3.1 years). Among these patients, IR (52.3%) was more prevalent. The introduction of flour-based energy-dense foods before six months was more frequent in MetS patients, but not statistically significant. Logistic regression showed oSGA patients had a 4.49-fold higher MetS risk (p &lt; 0.001). Older age at diagnosis increased the risk of developing MetS by 37%, a diagnosis of impaired glucose tolerance by 19-fold, and a family history of diabetes by 2.7-fold. ROC analysis showed strong predictability (AUC = 0.905, sensitivity = 82%, specificity = 88%). Conclusions: Obese children born SGA had a higher risk for developing MetS. The incidence of MetS and its components increases with age among obese patients. Monitoring growth patterns and dietary habits in early life is paramount to mitigate future metabolic complications<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15030148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,24]],"date-time":"2025-02-24T05:36:47Z","timestamp":1740375407000},"page":"148","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Associations Between Birth Characteristics, Weaning Practices, and the Metabolic Syndrome in Children: A Descriptive Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1599-5579","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teofana Otilia","family":"Bizerea-Moga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department XI of Pediatrics-1st Pediatric Discipline, Center for Research on Growth and Developmental Disorders in Children, \u2018Victor Babe\u0219\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timi\u0219oara, Eftimie Murgu Sq No. 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"1st Pediatric Clinic from \u2018Louis \u021aurcanu\u2019 Children\u2019s Clinical and Emergency Hospital, Iosif Nemoianu 2, 300011 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8978-1856","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tudor Voicu","family":"Moga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department VII of Internal Medicine-Gastroenterology Discipline, Advanced Regional Research Center in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, \u2018Victor Babe\u0219\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timi\u0219oara, Eftimie Murgu Sq No. 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Gastroenterology and Hepatology Clinic from \u2018Pius Br\u00eenzeu\u2019 County Emergency Clinical Hospital, Liviu Rebreanu 156, 300723 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4403-0581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ramona","family":"Stroescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department XI of Pediatrics-1st Pediatric Discipline, Center for Research on Growth and Developmental Disorders in Children, \u2018Victor Babe\u0219\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timi\u0219oara, Eftimie Murgu Sq No. 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"4th Pediatric Clinic from \u2018Louis \u021aurcanu\u2019 Children\u2019s Clinical and Emergency Hospital, Iosif Nemoianu 2, 300011 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3664-1945","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lazar","family":"Chisavu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease from \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy-Faculty of Medicine, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"},{"name":"Nephrology Discipline, \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2313-7643","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Otilia","family":"M\u0103rginean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department XI of Pediatrics-1st Pediatric Discipline, Center for Research on Growth and Developmental Disorders in Children, \u2018Victor Babe\u0219\u2019 University of Medicine and Pharmacy Timi\u0219oara, Eftimie Murgu Sq No. 2, 300041 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"1st Pediatric Clinic from \u2018Louis \u021aurcanu\u2019 Children\u2019s Clinical and Emergency Hospital, Iosif Nemoianu 2, 300011 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9456-4517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavia","family":"Chisavu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"4th Pediatric Clinic from \u2018Louis \u021aurcanu\u2019 Children\u2019s Clinical and Emergency Hospital, Iosif Nemoianu 2, 300011 Timi\u0219oara, Romania"},{"name":"Centre for Molecular Research in Nephrology and Vascular Disease from \u201cVictor Babes\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy-Faculty of Medicine, Eftimie Murgu Square No. 2, 300041 Timisoara, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"National Institute of Public Health (2019). 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