{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T01:20:18Z","timestamp":1789435218660,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741305600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["82274046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82274046"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32470531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32470531"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023jbky-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023jbky-003"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2024jbky-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024jbky-04"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["cstc2021ycjh-bgzxm0201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2021ycjh-bgzxm0201"]}]},{"name":"Basic Scientific Research Fund Project of Chongqing","award":["82274046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82274046"]}]},{"name":"Basic Scientific Research Fund Project of Chongqing","award":["32470531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32470531"]}]},{"name":"Basic Scientific Research Fund Project of Chongqing","award":["2023jbky-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023jbky-003"]}]},{"name":"Basic Scientific Research Fund Project of Chongqing","award":["2024jbky-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024jbky-04"]}]},{"name":"Basic Scientific Research Fund Project of Chongqing","award":["cstc2021ycjh-bgzxm0201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2021ycjh-bgzxm0201"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Talent Project","award":["82274046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82274046"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Talent Project","award":["32470531"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32470531"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Talent Project","award":["2023jbky-003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023jbky-003"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Talent Project","award":["2024jbky-04"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024jbky-04"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Talent Project","award":["cstc2021ycjh-bgzxm0201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["cstc2021ycjh-bgzxm0201"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Musk is a widely used traditional Chinese medicine derived from musk deer that has the pharmacological effects of \u201cactivating blood dredging collateral\u201d and \u201cconsciousness-restoring resuscitation\u201d. Its volatile compounds (VCs) play a key role in these effects, especially in the treatment of stroke. However, there have been no comprehensive studies on the differences in the VCs of these different musks. This study investigated the differences in the VCs of different musks and the potential targets and mechanisms of action for stroke. Methods: Different musks were studied via GC\u2013MS, and the potential targets and mechanisms of VCs associated with stroke were investigated using network pharmacology. Results: A total of 99 VCs were detected in 79 musk samples. The most important VCs of different colours and forms were muscone, phenol, acetic acid, and isovaleric acid. Further study revealed that the change in organic acids and ketones was the cause of the significant difference between white musk and other types of musk. In addition, network pharmacological analyses identified 180 potential targets of the major volatile compounds of musk associated with stroke, and five key targets (SRC, EGFR, ESR1, PTGS2, and DRD2). Enrichment analysis showed that these key targets play an important role in neural related pathways. The molecular docking results confirmed that the key targets can effectively bind with the main VCs (muscone and phenol). Conclusions: These findings provide valuable insights into the distinct volatile compositions of various types of musk and underscore the significant potential of volatile compounds (VCs) in stroke treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15030181","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]],"date-time":"2025-03-07T12:22:52Z","timestamp":1741350172000},"page":"181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Volatile Compounds in Musk and Their Anti-Stroke Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Chengli","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Institute of Musk Deer Breeding, Sichuan Institute for Drug Control, Chengdu 611845, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Institute of Musk Deer Breeding, Sichuan Institute for Drug Control, Chengdu 611845, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinling","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinfo Mountain Forestry Ecosystem of Chongqing Observation and Research Station, Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant Cultivation, Chongqing 408435, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhongkun","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Shimadzu Enterprise Management (China) Co., Ltd., Chengdu 610023, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liuqing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sichuan Institute of Musk Deer Breeding, Sichuan Institute for Drug Control, Chengdu 611845, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xue","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiuxiang","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Ecology and Environment, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China"},{"name":"School of Resources and Environment, Aba Teachers College, Wenchuan 623002, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7490-3550","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diyan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3491-8971","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hang","family":"Jie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jinfo Mountain Forestry Ecosystem of Chongqing Observation and Research Station, Chongqing Institute of Medicinal Plant Cultivation, Chongqing 408435, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00441-016-2468-9","article-title":"The antidepressant effect of musk in an animal model of depression: A histopathological study","volume":"366","author":"Ayuob","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R571","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00068.2022","article-title":"Effect of muscone on anti-apoptotic ability of muskrat prostate primary cells","volume":"323","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. 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