{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T11:40:00Z","timestamp":1792928400528,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":193,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741651200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular drugs are widely used for the prevention and treatment of various cardiac and vascular disorders. However, some of these drugs can also cause adverse effects on the kidney, leading to acute or chronic renal dysfunction, electrolyte imbalances, and increased mortality. The mechanisms of drug-induced renal toxicity vary depending on the type and class of the drug, the dose and duration of exposure, and the patient\u2019s characteristics and comorbidities. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the renal effects of some common cardiovascular drugs, such as diuretics, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers, calcium channel blockers, beta-blockers, antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants, and statins and proton-pump inhibitors. We also discuss the clinical implications and management strategies for preventing or minimizing drug-induced nephrotoxicity, as well as the potential role of oxidative stress in its pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15030191","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]],"date-time":"2025-03-11T06:52:30Z","timestamp":1741675950000},"page":"191","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Kidney Toxicity of Drugs for the Heart: An Updated Perspective"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7447-575X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Caiati","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5361-4346","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"Arrigoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNR Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0512-7572","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Stanca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mario Erminio","family":"Lepera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari \u201cAldo Moro\u201d, 70124 Bari, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/S0270-9295(03)00094-9","article-title":"Toxic nephropathy: Environmental chemicals","volume":"23","author":"Schnellmann","year":"2003","journal-title":"Semin. 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