{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T20:51:48Z","timestamp":1793134308994,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]],"date-time":"2025-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81973071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81973071"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81773473"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81773473"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["A2021195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A2021195"]}]},{"name":"Medical Science and Technology Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["81973071"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81973071"]}]},{"name":"Medical Science and Technology Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["81773473"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81773473"]}]},{"name":"Medical Science and Technology Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","award":["A2021195"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["A2021195"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The World Health Organization has indicated that airport noise is strongly associated with cardiovascular disease, with vascular inflammation identified as the primary mechanism. Therefore, long-term exposure to airport noise is considered far more harmful than other types of noise. However, there remains a lack of research into the mechanisms underlying long-term exposure to airport noise and harm to the human body. Methods: A mouse model was established and exposed to airport noise at a maximum sound pressure level of 95 dB(A) and an equivalent continuous sound pressure level of 72 dB(A) for 12 h per day over a period of 100 days. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to detect the mRNA expression levels of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory factors. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect LPS, LTA, TMA, and TMAO levels. Intestinal flora composition was analyzed by 16S rDNA sequencing, and targeted metabolomics was employed to determine the levels of serum short-chain fatty acids. Results: Long-term airport noise exposure significantly increased systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and mean blood pressure (p &lt; 0.05); significantly increased the mRNA expression levels of oxidative stress parameters (nuclear matrix protein 2, 3-nitrotyrosine, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) (p &lt; 0.05); significantly increased pro-inflammatory factors (interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha) (p &lt; 0.05); significantly decreased the mRNA expression level of anti-inflammatory factor interleukin 10 (p &lt; 0.05); and significantly increased the content of LPS and LTA (p &lt; 0.05). The composition of the main flora in the intestinal tract was structurally disordered, and there were significant differences between the noise-exposed and control groups at the levels of the phylum, family, and genus of bacteria. \u03b2-diversity of the principal component analysis diagrams was clearly distinguished. Compared with those of the control group, TMA-producing bacteria and levels of TMA and TMAO were significantly reduced, and the serum ethanoic acid and propanoic acid levels of the noise-exposed group were significantly decreased (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Long-term airport noise exposure causes significant elevation of blood pressure and structural disruption in the composition of the intestinal flora in mice, leading to elevated levels of oxidative stress and inflammation, resulting in metabolic disorders that lead to significant changes in the production of metabolites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15040251","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,7]],"date-time":"2025-04-07T10:06:28Z","timestamp":1744020388000},"page":"251","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Effects of Long-Term Airport Noise Exposure on Inflammation and Intestinal Flora and Their Metabolites in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jian","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Longwei","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junyi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Xia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou 510006, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.1206154","article-title":"Environmental burden of disease in Europe: Assessing nine risk factors in six countries","volume":"122","author":"Knol","year":"2014","journal-title":"Env. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17003","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP10745","article-title":"Long-term exposure to transportation noise and ischemic heart disease: A pooled analysis of nine scandinavian cohorts","volume":"131","author":"Pyko","year":"2023","journal-title":"Env. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2022.113106","article-title":"Exposure to transportation noise and risk for cardiovascular disease in a nationwide cohort study from Denmark","volume":"211","author":"Thacher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Env. Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ba\u0327czalska, J., Wojciechowska, W., Rojek, M., Hahad, O., Daiber, A., M\u00fcnzel, T., and Rajzer, M. (2022). Cardiovascular consequences of aircraft noise exposure. Front. Public. Health, 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.1058423"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa957","article-title":"Does night-time aircraft noise trigger mortality? A case-crossover study on 24 886 cardiovascular deaths","volume":"42","author":"Saucy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Basner, M., Witte, M., and McGuire, S. (2019). Aircraft noise effects on sleep-results of a pilot study near philadelphia international airport. Int. J. Env. Res. Public. Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16173178"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eckrich, J., Frenis, K., Rodriguez-Blanco, G., Ruan, Y., Jiang, S., Bayo Jimenez, M.T., Kuntic, M., Oelze, M., Hahad, O., and Li, H. (2021). Aircraft noise exposure drives the activation of white blood cells and induces microvascular dysfunction in mice. Redox Biol., 46.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2021.102063"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3528","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy333","article-title":"Crucial role for Nox2 and sleep deprivation in aircraft noise-induced vascular and cerebral oxidative stress, inflammation, and gene regulation","volume":"39","author":"Daiber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.4103\/1463-1741.153400","article-title":"Is there an association between aircraft noise exposure and the incidence of hypertension? A meta-analysis of 16784 participants","volume":"17","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Noise Health"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., Zhao, F., Wang, Y., Chen, J., Tao, J., Tian, G., Wu, S., Liu, W., Cui, Q., and Geng, B. (2017). Gut microbiota dysbiosis contributes to the development of hypertension. Microbiome, 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0222-x"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20180087","article-title":"Imbalance of gut microbiome and intestinal epithelial barrier dysfunction in patients with high blood pressure","volume":"132","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, Q., Gu, Y., Li, X., Yang, W., Jia, L., Chen, C., Han, X., Huang, Y., Zhao, L., and Li, P. (2017). Alterations of the gut microbiome in hypertension. Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2017.00381"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1331","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.115.05315","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis is linked to hypertension","volume":"65","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036652","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acid propionate protects from hypertensive cardiovascular damage","volume":"139","author":"Bartolomaeus","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.12109","article-title":"Gut microbiota composition and blood pressure","volume":"73","author":"Sun","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, B., Gai, Z., She, X., Wang, R., and Xi, Z. (2016). Effects of chronic noise on glucose metabolism and gut microbiota-host inflammatory homeostasis in rats. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep36693"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hoyles, L., Pontifex, M.G., Rodriguez-Ramiro, I., Anis-Alavi, M.A., Jelane, K.S., Snelling, T., Solito, E., Fonseca, S., Carvalho, A.L., and Carding, S.R. (2021). Regulation of blood-brain barrier integrity by microbiome-associated methylamines and cognition by trimethylamine N-oxide. Microbiome, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01181-z"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac278","article-title":"The association between TMAO, CMPF, and clinical outcomes in advanced chronic kidney disease: Results from the European quality (EQUAL) study","volume":"116","author":"Dai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13550","article-title":"Circulating trimethylamine N-oxide levels do not predict 10-year survival in patients with or without coronary heart disease","volume":"292","author":"Dhar","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2018.04.128","article-title":"Increased plasma trimethylamine-N-oxide is associated with incident atrial fibrillation","volume":"267","author":"Svingen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2011.06.018","article-title":"Moderate noise induced cognition impairment of mice and its underlying mechanisms","volume":"104","author":"Cheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cui, B., Li, K., Gai, Z., She, X., Zhang, N., Xu, C., Chen, X., An, G., Ma, Q., and Wang, R. (2015). Chronic noise exposure acts cumulatively to exacerbate alzheimer\u2019s disease-like amyloid-\u03b2 pathology and neuroinflammation in the rat hippocampus. Sci. Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep12943"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2018.06.011","article-title":"Chronic traffic noise stress accelerates brain impairment and cognitive decline in mice","volume":"308","author":"Jafari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mac Domhnaill, C., Douglas, O., Lyons, S., Murphy, E., and Nolan, A. (2021). Road traffic noise and cognitive function in older adults: A cross-sectional investigation of the irish longitudinal study on ageing. BMC Public. Health, 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-021-11853-y"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2015.09.024","article-title":"Protective effect of the orientin on noise-induced cognitive impairments in mice","volume":"296","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1416","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvad021","article-title":"Aircraft noise exposure induces pro-inflammatory vascular conditioning and amplifies vascular dysfunction and impairment of cardiac function after myocardial infarction","volume":"119","author":"Molitor","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Steven, S., Frenis, K., Kalinovic, S., Kvandova, M., Oelze, M., Helmst\u00e4dter, J., Hahad, O., Filippou, K., Kus, K., and Trevisan, C. (2020). Exacerbation of adverse cardiovascular effects of aircraft noise in an animal model of arterial hypertension. Redox Biol., 34.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101515"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.1093\/eurjpc\/zwad075","article-title":"Mitigation of aircraft noise-induced vascular dysfunction and oxidative stress by exercise, fasting, and pharmacological \u03b11AMPK activation: Molecular proof of a protective key role of endothelial \u03b11AMPK against environmental noise exposure","volume":"30","author":"Rajlic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Prev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00532-5","article-title":"Transportation noise pollution and cardiovascular disease","volume":"18","author":"Daiber","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-081519-062400","article-title":"Adverse cardiovascular effects of traffic noise with a focus on nighttime noise and the new who noise guidelines","volume":"41","author":"Oelze","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public. Health"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.05.036","article-title":"Adverse impact of nocturnal transportation noise on glucose regulation in healthy young adults: Effect of different noise scenarios","volume":"121","author":"Thiesse","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2838","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx081","article-title":"Effects of noise on vascular function, oxidative stress, and inflammation: Mechanistic insight from studies in mice","volume":"38","author":"Daiber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kempen, E.V., Casas, M., Pershagen, G., and Foraster, M. (2018). WHO environmental noise guidelines for the european region: A systematic review on environmental noise and cardiovascular and metabolic effects: A summary. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15020379"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1152\/physiol.00003.2017","article-title":"Microbiotal-host interactions and hypertension","volume":"32","author":"Galla","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.043081","article-title":"Deficiency of prebiotic fiber and insufficient signaling through gut metabolite-sensing receptors leads to cardiovascular disease","volume":"141","author":"Kaye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003698","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.116.003698","article-title":"Gut microbiota promote angiotensin II-induced arterial hypertension and vascular dysfunction","volume":"5","author":"Karbach","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1419038112","article-title":"Cultivation of a human-associated TM7 phylotype reveals a reduced genome and epibiotic parasitic lifestyle","volume":"112","author":"He","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, W., Liu, F., Ling, Z., Tong, X., and Xiang, C. (2012). Human intestinal lumen and mucosa-associated microbiota in patients with colorectal cancer. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039743"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu409","article-title":"Intestinal microbiota, microbial translocation, and systemic inflammation in chronic HIV infection","volume":"211","author":"Dinh","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2015-309333","article-title":"Dysbiotic gut microbiota causes transmissible Crohn\u2019s disease-like ileitis independent of failure in antimicrobial defence","volume":"65","author":"Schaubeck","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1038\/s41366-020-00712-2","article-title":"Identification of gut microbiota and microbial metabolites regulated by an antimicrobial peptide lipocalin 2 in high fat diet-induced obesity","volume":"45","author":"Qiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Obes."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071816-064732","article-title":"Trimethylamine N-oxide, the microbiome, and heart and kidney disease","volume":"37","author":"Zeisel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"6458094","article-title":"Cross\u2013talk between gut microbiota and heart via the routes of metabolite and immunity","volume":"2018","author":"Bu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Res. Pr."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hsu, C.N., Lu, P.C., Hou, C.Y., and Tain, Y.L. (2019). Blood pressure abnormalities associated with gut microbiota-derived short chain fatty acids in children with congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8081090"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-021-01872-z","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis contributes to the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-021-10115-x","article-title":"TMA\/TMAO in hypertension: Novel horizons and potential therapies","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s12012-021-09656-z","article-title":"Trimethylamine\/trimethylamine-N-oxide as a key between diet and cardiovascular diseases","volume":"21","author":"He","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.120.031443","article-title":"Trimethylamine N-oxide and stroke recurrence depends on ischemic stroke subtypes","volume":"53","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e011569","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.124.011569","article-title":"Trimethylamine N-oxide and related gut microbe-derived metabolites and incident heart failure development in community-based populations","volume":"17","author":"Tang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1897212","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in the interplay between gut microbiota and diet in cardio-metabolic health","volume":"13","author":"Nogal","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-023-01803-5","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids as a link between diet and cardiometabolic risk: A narrative review","volume":"22","author":"Birkeland","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-021-01727-5","article-title":"The relationship between gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids and type 2 diabetes mellitus: The possible role of dietary fibre","volume":"58","author":"Salamone","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, J., Zhang, P., Shen, L., Niu, L., Tan, Y., Chen, L., Zhao, Y., Bai, L., Hao, X., and Li, X. (2020). Short-chain fatty acids and their association with signalling pathways in inflammation, glucose and lipid metabolism. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176356"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Campos-Perez, W., and Martinez-Lopez, E. (2021). Effects of short chain fatty acids on metabolic and inflammatory processes in human health. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids, 1866.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2021.158900"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, J., Zhang, M., Wang, H., Li, N., Lu, Z., Li, L., Hui, S., and Xu, H. (2022). Gut microbiota and short chain fatty acids partially mediate the beneficial effects of inulin on metabolic disorders in obese ob\/ob mice. J. Food Biochem., 46.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.14063"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.118.12588","article-title":"Gut microbiota and fecal levels of short-chain fatty acids differ upon 24-hour blood pressure levels in men","volume":"74","author":"Huart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.14800","article-title":"Modest sodium reduction increases circulating short-chain fatty acids in untreated hypertensives: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"76","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3344","article-title":"The gut microbiota, bacterial metabolites and colorectal cancer","volume":"12","author":"Louis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1900616","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201900616","article-title":"Probiotics prevent dysbiosis and the rise in blood pressure in genetic hypertension: Role of short-chain fatty acids","volume":"64","author":"Toral","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2010.07.009","article-title":"Suppressive effect of short-chain fatty acids on production of proinflammatory mediators by neutrophils","volume":"22","author":"Vinolo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"959","article-title":"DNA methyltransferase DNMT1 inhibits lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in human dental pulp cells involving the methylation changes of IL-6 and TRAF6","volume":"21","author":"Cai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz1127","article-title":"SIRT1\/2 orchestrate acquisition of DNA methylation and loss of histone H3 activating marks to prevent premature activation of inflammatory genes in macrophages","volume":"48","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201901461R","article-title":"Alteration of the brain methylation landscape following postnatal inflammatory injury in rat pups","volume":"34","author":"Pierre","year":"2020","journal-title":"Faseb J."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, J., Wu, Y., Sun, Y., Dong, X., Wang, Z., Zhang, Z., Xiao, Y., and Dong, G. (2019). Bacterial lipopolysaccharide induced alterations of genome-wide dna methylation and promoter methylation of lactation-related genes in bovine mammary epithelial cells. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11050298"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2023.115454","article-title":"Long-term exposure to traffic noise and risk of incident colon cancer: A pooled study of eleven Nordic cohorts","volume":"224","author":"Roswall","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cho, I., Kim, J., Jung, S., Kim, S.Y., Kim, E.J., Choo, S., Kam, E.H., and Koo, B.N. (2023). The impact of persistent noise exposure under inflammatory conditions. Healthcare, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare11142067"}],"container-title":["Metabolites"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/15\/4\/251\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T17:10:44Z","timestamp":1760029844000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/15\/4\/251"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["metabo15040251"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo15040251","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-1989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-1989","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]]}}}