{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,3]],"date-time":"2025-12-03T18:14:05Z","timestamp":1764785645837,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,8]],"date-time":"2025-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine in Osijek","award":["2019-IP5","2020-IP16","2021-IP17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-IP5","2020-IP16","2021-IP17"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Gestational diabetes (GD) is a common pregnancy metabolic disorder involving immune alterations. While there is a link between immune cells and GD, the specific roles of NKT\/NK, helper\/cytotoxic T, and B1\/B2 lymphocyte ratios in complicated\/uncomplicated pregnancies with and without GD are underexplored. This cross-sectional study hypothesized that specific imbalances in these lymphocyte ratios would be present in GD, and that these ratios would correlate with key metabolic parameters in pregnancy.\u00a0Methods: We compared these lymphocyte ratios in 162 third-trimester pregnant women across four groups: healthy uncomplicated (n = 40), healthy complicated (n = 40), GD uncomplicated (n = 42), and GD complicated (n = 40), using flow cytometry and by measuring biochemical parameters. Results: No significant differences in lymphocyte ratios were found between GD and healthy pregnancies. Novel correlations emerged: in the entire cohort, the NKT\/NK ratio positively correlated with C-peptide and triglycerides, and negatively with HDL cholesterol. The helper\/cytotoxic ratio negatively correlated with insulin and C-peptide. In the GD group, NKT\/NK correlated positively with C-peptide, and helper\/cytotoxic negatively with insulin. Conclusion: These findings suggest a subtle yet significant link between immune cell subsets and metabolic status in pregnancy and GD, warranting further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15060378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T05:54:05Z","timestamp":1749448445000},"page":"378","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Comparative Assessment of Immune Cell Subset Ratios (NKT\/NK, Th\/Tc, B1\/B2) in Gestational Diabetes and Healthy Pregnancy: Links to Biochemical and Immunochemical Profiles"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Jelena","family":"Omazi\u0107","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory and Transfusion Medicine, \u201cDr. Juraj Njavro\u201d National Memorial Hospital Vukovar, 32000 Vukovar, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3245-8318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrijana","family":"Muller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Center Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3005-4571","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mirta","family":"Kadivnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University Hospital Center Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bla\u017eenka","family":"Dobro\u0161evi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Centre Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0134-5900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbara","family":"Vukovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Poliklinika Retfala, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mirela","family":"Florijan\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, University Hospital Centre Osijek, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1126-7523","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jasenka","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, J.J. Strossmayer University, 31000 Osijek, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1524","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v14.i10.1524","article-title":"Effect of individualized nutrition interventions on clinical outcomes of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"14","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"World J. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-019-0098-8","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"5","author":"McIntyre","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. 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