{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T14:16:16Z","timestamp":1782224176285,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Project","award":["2022YFD1600900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD1600900"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Project","award":["XZ202501ZY0147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XZ202501ZY0147"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Project","award":["2023TC055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TC055"]}]},{"name":"Tibet Autonomous Region Science and Technology Program","award":["2022YFD1600900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD1600900"]}]},{"name":"Tibet Autonomous Region Science and Technology Program","award":["XZ202501ZY0147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XZ202501ZY0147"]}]},{"name":"Tibet Autonomous Region Science and Technology Program","award":["2023TC055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TC055"]}]},{"name":"China Agricultural University-Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College Scientific Research Joint Fund Project","award":["2022YFD1600900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD1600900"]}]},{"name":"China Agricultural University-Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College Scientific Research Joint Fund Project","award":["XZ202501ZY0147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["XZ202501ZY0147"]}]},{"name":"China Agricultural University-Tibet Agriculture and Animal Husbandry College Scientific Research Joint Fund Project","award":["2023TC055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023TC055"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Reproductive efficiency in breeding boars critically impacts swine industry productivity, with sperm quality being multifactorially regulated by gut microbiota. This study aimed to elucidate the microbiota\u2013metabolite interactions underlying sperm quality differences in Tibetan boars. Methods: Integrated 16S rRNA sequencing and untargeted metabolomics were performed on fecal and semen samples from eight healthy Tibetan boars (31\u201333 months old), stratified into low-semen (CJ) and high-semen utilization (HJ) groups. Analyses included sperm quality assessment, microbial profiling, and metabolic pathway enrichment. Results: The HJ group exhibited significantly enhanced sperm motility and semen utilization rates (p &lt; 0.05). Gut microbiota composition differed markedly, with Firmicutes and Proteobacteria enriched in HJ boars. Metabolomics identified key metabolites positively correlated with sperm quality (e.g., butyrate, phenyllactic acid), while lithocholic acid showed negative associations. KEGG analysis revealed predominant involvement in butanoate metabolism and bile acid biosynthesis. Core microbiota (e.g., Ruminococcus) modulated sperm quality through short-chain fatty acid networks and bile acid homeostasis. Conclusions: Gut microbiota regulated the sperm microenvironment via a \u201cmetabolic-immune\u201d dual pathway mediated by the gut\u2013testis axis. These findings establish a theoretical basis for probiotic or metabolite-targeted strategies to improve boar reproductive performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15070447","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T09:08:44Z","timestamp":1751447324000},"page":"447","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Multi-Omics Analysis of Gut Microbiota and Sperm Quality in Tibetan Breeding Boars"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Mingxuan","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Xizang Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi 860000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tibetan Pig Genetic Improvement and Reproduction Engineering, Nyingchi 860000, China"},{"name":"Tibetan Pig Science and Technology Courtyard in Nyingchi, Nyingchi 860000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengjia","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Xizang Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi 860000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tibetan Pig Genetic Improvement and Reproduction Engineering, Nyingchi 860000, China"},{"name":"Tibetan Pig Science and Technology Courtyard in Nyingchi, Nyingchi 860000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongliang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Xizang Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi 860000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tibetan Pig Genetic Improvement and Reproduction Engineering, Nyingchi 860000, China"},{"name":"Tibetan Pig Science and Technology Courtyard in Nyingchi, Nyingchi 860000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiangdong","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Xizang Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi 860000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tibetan Pig Genetic Improvement and Reproduction Engineering, Nyingchi 860000, China"},{"name":"Tibetan Pig Science and Technology Courtyard in Nyingchi, Nyingchi 860000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yikai","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Xizang Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi 860000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tibetan Pig Genetic Improvement and Reproduction Engineering, Nyingchi 860000, China"},{"name":"Tibetan Pig Science and Technology Courtyard in Nyingchi, Nyingchi 860000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Xizang Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi 860000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tibetan Pig Genetic Improvement and Reproduction Engineering, Nyingchi 860000, China"},{"name":"Tibetan Pig Science and Technology Courtyard in Nyingchi, Nyingchi 860000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peng","family":"Shang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Xizang Agriculture and Animal Husbandry University, Nyingchi 860000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tibetan Pig Genetic Improvement and Reproduction Engineering, Nyingchi 860000, China"},{"name":"Tibetan Pig Science and Technology Courtyard in Nyingchi, Nyingchi 860000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1080\/09712119.2021.1882465","article-title":"DNA Methylation may be a testicular plateau adaptation in Tibetan pig","volume":"49","author":"Zhao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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