{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T22:25:01Z","timestamp":1790720701411,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1753747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT)","award":["2018R1C1B5043143"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018R1C1B5043143"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIT)","award":["2019R1A2C2005157"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019R1A2C2005157"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objective: The hepatitis B virus (HBV) can cause chronic hepatitis B (CHB), which can rapidly progress into fatal liver cirrhosis (CHB-LC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (CHB-HCC). Methods: In this study, we investigated metabolites associated with distinct clinical stages of HBV infection for the identification of stage-specific serum metabolite biomarkers using 1H-NMR-based metabolomics. Results: A total of 64 serum metabolites were identified, among which six core discriminatory metabolites, namely isoleucine, tryptophan, histamine (for CHB), and pyruvate, TMAO, lactate (for CHB-HCC), were consistently significant across univariate and multivariate statistical analyses, including ANOVA with FDR, OPLS-DA, and VIP scoring. These metabolites were closely linked to key metabolic pathways, such as propanoate metabolism, pyruvate metabolism, and the Warburg effect. Conclusions: The findings suggest that these six core metabolites serve as potential stage-specific biomarkers for CHB, CHB-LC, and CHB-HCC, respectively, and offer a foundation for the future development of metabolomics-based diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15080504","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T10:25:34Z","timestamp":1753784734000},"page":"504","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Metabolomic Profiling of Hepatitis B-Associated Liver Disease Progression: Chronic Hepatitis B, Cirrhosis, and Hepatocellular Carcinoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Junsang","family":"Oh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Institute of Mycological Resource, International St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kei-Anne Garcia","family":"Baritugo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Institute of Mycological Resource, International St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2977-1813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jayoung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Institute of Mycological Resource, International St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, International St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gyubin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si 25601, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ki Jun","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, International St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sangheun","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Institute of Mycological Resource, International St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, International St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gi-Ho","family":"Sung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Institute of Mycological Resource, International St. Mary\u2019s Hospital, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon 22711, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Convergence Science, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung-si 25601, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2201","DOI":"10.1002\/rmv.2201","article-title":"Hepatitis B Virus Pre-S Region: Clinical Implications and Applications","volume":"31","author":"Sun","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. 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