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Numerous novel peptides with cell proliferation-promoting activity have been identified. These peptides exert their functions by modulating key cellular signaling pathways, thereby regulating diverse biological processes related to cell proliferation. This work summarizes peptides derived from animals and plants that stimulate cell proliferation, focusing on their amino acid composition, physicochemical properties, and preparation techniques. Furthermore, we highlight the major signaling pathways\u2014such as the PI3K\/Akt, MAPK\/ERK, and Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin pathways\u2014that have been implicated in the mechanistic studies of food-derived peptides. Through the analysis and summary of previous studies, we observe a notable lack of in vivo animal models and clinical trials, indicating that these may represent promising directions for future research on food-derived bioactive peptides. Meanwhile, the potential safety concerns of proliferation-enhancing peptides\u2014such as immunogenicity, appropriate dosage, and gastrointestinal stability\u2014warrant greater attention. In summary, this review provides a comprehensive overview of the sources and mechanisms of cell proliferation-promoting peptides and addresses the challenges in industrializing bioactive peptide-based functional foods; therefore, further research in this area is encouraged.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15080505","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]],"date-time":"2025-07-29T10:25:34Z","timestamp":1753784734000},"page":"505","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Promotion of Cell Proliferation by Food-Derived Bioactive Peptides: Sources and Mechanisms"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Yuhao","family":"Yan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinuo","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"},{"name":"Linhai Special Agricultural Products Technology Extension Station, Linhai 317000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liting","family":"Zan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Nutrition and Functional Food, College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1134-0003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xibi","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129452","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.129452","article-title":"Potential mechanisms underlying the protective effects of Tricholoma matsutake singer peptides against LPS-induced inflammation in RAW264.7 macrophages","volume":"353","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mirzapour-Kouhdasht, A., and Garcia-Vaquero, M. 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