{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:55:54Z","timestamp":1787028954981,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Italian Ministry of Health-Ricerca Corrente"},{"name":"Fondazione Romeo ed Enrica Invernizzi"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Introduction: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) increases cardiovascular risk through mechanisms such as oxidative stress and the accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Glycated albumin (GA) is associated with cardiovascular risk in CKD patients, but its relationship with AGEs and systemic inflammation remains unclear. This study investigated these associations in old patients with severe CKD, with and without diabetes. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis in 122 patients aged \u2265 65 years with CKD stages G3a\u2013G5, including 67 diabetics and 55 non-diabetics. Patients with confounding comorbidities were excluded. We measured GA, AGEs, various AGEs receptors (RAGE) isoforms, and inflammatory cytokines (CRP, IL-6, TNF\u03b1, and MCP-1) using standardized assays. Statistical analyses included group comparisons, correlation coefficients, and multivariate regression. Results: Of 122 patients (mean age 77.7 \u00b1 11.3 years), diabetics had higher GA percentages than non-diabetics (22.0 \u00b1 7.1% vs. 17.5 \u00b1 5.4%, p = 0.0001), while AGEs (2931 \u00b1 763 vs. 3156 \u00b1 809 AU; p = 0.118) and inflammatory markers (CRP 0.240[0.380] vs. 0.200[0.280] mg\/dL; p = 0.142; IL-6 3.4[4.0] vs. 3.0[3.8] pg\/mL; p = 0.238) were similar between groups. Overall, GA was inversely correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (\u03c1 = \u22120.189, p = 0.037) and positively with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) (\u03c1 = 0.525, p &lt; 0.0001), but showed no significant correlation with AGEs, RAGE isoforms, or inflammatory cytokines. In multivariate analysis, only HbA1c remained independently associated with GA (\u03b2 = 0.222, p = 0.005). Conclusions: In old patients with severe CKD, GA appears to be a more useful marker of glycemic control than glycation stress, the latter of which is the result of multiple factors, including impaired kidney function and systemic inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15080515","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T07:49:58Z","timestamp":1754380198000},"page":"515","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Exploring the Interplay Between Glycated Albumin, AGEs, and Inflammation in Old Patients with CKD"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Simone","family":"Vettoretti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis Fondazione IRCCS San Gerardo di Monza, 20900 Monza, Italy"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lara","family":"Caldiroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paolo","family":"Molinari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit of Nephrology, Dialysis and Kidney Transplantation Fondazione IRCCS Ca\u2019 Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico di Milano, 20122 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Villa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7928-7697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimiliano M.","family":"Corsi Romanelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6461-654X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Vianello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Pathology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5833-0780","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena","family":"Dozio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences for Health, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Experimental Laboratory for Research on Organ Damage Biomarkers, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4699-4149","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simonetta","family":"Genovesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Cardiology, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, 20149 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s00059-024-05235-4","article-title":"Increased cardiovascular risk in patients with chronic kidney disease","volume":"49","author":"Vondenhoff","year":"2024","journal-title":"Herz"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2157","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmab072","article-title":"Circulating Advanced glycation end products and their soluble receptors in relation to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis of Prospective Observational Studies","volume":"12","author":"Sharafabad","year":"2021","journal-title":"Adv. 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