{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T15:22:41Z","timestamp":1781191361753,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004901","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais-FAPEMIG","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2070.01.0004535\/2021-70"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2070.01.0004535\/2021-70"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: To investigate acute caffeine (CAF: 375 mg, \u22484.8 mg\/kg body mass) effects on energy expenditure (EE) and substrate kinetics during high-intensity interval exercise in individuals with high (HBAT) versus low (LBAT) brown adipose tissue activity using time-trend polynomial modeling. Methods: This is a randomized, double-blind crossover study in which 35 highly-trained males [HBAT-CAF, HBAT-PLA (Placebo), LBAT-CAF, LBAT-PLA] performed 30-min treadmill HIIE. Infrared thermography (IRT) assessed BAT activity by measuring supraclavicular skin temperature (SST). Breath-by-breath ergospirometry measured EE (kcal\/min) and carbohydrate (CHO), lipid (LIP), and protein (PTN) oxidation. We applied second- and third-order polynomial regression models to depict the temporal trajectories of metabolic responses. Results: HBAT groups showed 25% higher sustained EE versus LBAT (p &lt; 0.001), amplified by CAF. CHO oxidation exhibited biphasic kinetics: HBAT had 40% higher initial rates (0.75 \u00b1 0.05 vs. 0.45 \u00b1 0.04 g\/min; p &lt; 0.001) with accelerated decline (k = \u22120.21 vs. \u22120.15\/min; p = 0.01). LIP oxidation peaked later in LBAT (40 vs. 20 min in HBAT), with CAF increasing oxidation by 18% in LBAT (p = 0.01). HBAT-CAF uniquely showed transient PTN catabolism (peak: 0.045 g\/min at 10 min; k = \u22120.0033\/min; p &lt; 0.001). Conclusions: BAT status determines EE magnitude and substrate-specific kinetic patterns, while CAF exerts divergent modulation, potentiating early glycogenolysis in HBAT and lipolysis in LBAT. The HBAT-CAF synergy triggers acute proteolysis, revealing BAT-mediated metabolic switching.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15080517","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T07:49:58Z","timestamp":1754380198000},"page":"517","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Thermogenic Activation of Adipose Tissue by Caffeine During Strenuous Exercising and Recovery: A Double-Blind Crossover Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Dany Alexis Sobarzo","family":"Soto","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares 35010-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diego Ign\u00e1cio Valenzuela","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Kinesiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tom\u00e1s, Santiago 8320000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mateus Rossow de","family":"Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares 35010-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Milena Leite Garcia","family":"Reis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares 35010-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naiara Ribeiro","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares 35010-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7513-7605","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bianca","family":"Miarka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Psychophysiology and Performance in Sports & Combats, School of Physical Education and Sport, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 20080-003, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1544-2824","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Esteban","family":"Aedo-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Ciencias de la Actividad F\u00edsica, Deporte y la Salud, Facultad de Ciencias M\u00e9dicas, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 8320000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Armin Isael Alvarado","family":"Oyarzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Escuela de Kinesiolog\u00eda, Facultad de Salud, Universidad Santo Tom\u00e1s, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9806-2925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manuel","family":"Sillero-Quintana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF), Universidad Polit\u00e9cnica de Madrid, 28000 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreia Cristiane Carrenho","family":"Queiroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares 35010-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9678-1977","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ciro Jos\u00e9","family":"Brito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares 35010-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnz007","article-title":"Brown adipose crosstalk in tissue plasticity and human metabolism","volume":"41","author":"Scheele","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr. 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