{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T00:08:39Z","timestamp":1793146119209,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":105,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]],"date-time":"2025-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757376000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","award":["CD24\/00118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CD24\/00118"]}]},{"name":"European Union (European Social Fund Plus, ESF+)","award":["CD24\/00118"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CD24\/00118"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Lipids are structurally diverse biomolecules that play essential roles in cellular function, energy storage, and signaling. The human lipidome, a dynamic and complex subset of the metabolome, is shaped by both endogenous factors, such as genetics, sex, age, and metabolic health, and exogenous influences like lifestyle, diet, and microbiota. Among these, diet stands out as one of the most modifiable and impactful determinants, influencing lipid composition across plasma, serum, and lipoprotein fractions. While traditional lipid profiling provides limited insight, lipidomics enables comprehensive characterization of lipid species, revealing mechanistic links between lipid metabolism and diseases such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), metabolic syndrome (MetS), and inflammatory disorders. This review explores: (1) the relationship between lipid profiles and CVD risk, (2) the internal and external modulators of the lipidome, and (3) current evidence on how specific dietary patterns, including Mediterranean, Nordic, low glycemic, and vegetarian diets, and individual nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids (FAs), plant sterols, and mycoprotein, influence lipidomic profiles. Advances in lipidomics highlight that dietary fat quality, food matrix, and eating patterns can significantly modulate lipid species such as triacylglycerols (TAGs), ceramides (Cers), and phospholipids, with implications for cardiometabolic health. Notably, distinct responses are observed across plasma High-Density Lipoprotein (HDL) and Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) lipidomes, emphasizing the need for compartment-specific analyses. Understanding these diet-lipidome interactions offers promising avenues for precision nutrition and the development of lipid-based biomarkers for disease prevention and management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15090602","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,10]],"date-time":"2025-09-10T08:43:54Z","timestamp":1757493834000},"page":"602","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Impact of Dietary Interventions on the Human Plasma and Lipoprotein Lipidome"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0211-9166","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rosa","family":"Casas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Cl\u00ednic, Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Biom\u00e8dica August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red (CIBER) de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y la Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Recerca en Nutrici\u00f3 i Seguretat Alimentaria (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08921 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy D.","family":"S\u00e1nchez-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Polyphenol Research Group, Departament of Nutrition, Food Science and Gastronomy, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramon","family":"Estruch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Cl\u00ednic, Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Biom\u00e8dica August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red (CIBER) de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y la Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Recerca en Nutrici\u00f3 i Seguretat Alimentaria (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08921 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4333-9798","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anallely","family":"L\u00f3pez-Yerena","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Cl\u00ednic, Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Biom\u00e8dica August Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, 08036 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red (CIBER) de Fisiopatologia de la Obesidad y la Nutrici\u00f3n (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Institut de Recerca en Nutrici\u00f3 i Seguretat Alimentaria (INSA-UB), University of Barcelona, 08921 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.S120001025","article-title":"Update on LIPID MAPS classification, nomenclature, and shorthand notation for MS-derived lipid structures","volume":"61","author":"Liebisch","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1578","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-023-00880-1","article-title":"Dynamic lipidome alterations associated with human health, disease and ageing","volume":"5","author":"Hornburg","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Metab."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2024.117765","article-title":"Marching Toward Human Lipidome Project\u2013Advancement of Structural Lipidomics","volume":"177","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4329","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11954-8","article-title":"Genetic Architecture of Human Plasma Lipidome and Its Link to Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"10","author":"Tabassum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3124","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-30875-7","article-title":"Comprehensive Genetic Analysis of the Human Lipidome Identifies Loci Associated with Lipid Homeostasis with Links to Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"13","author":"Cadby","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, Y., Stinson, S.E., Thodberg, M., Holm, L.A., Thielemann, R., Sulek, K., Lund, M.A.V., Fonvig, C.E., Kim, M., and Trost, K. (2025). Genetic Factors Shaping the Plasma Lipidome and the Relations to Cardiometabolic Risk in Children and Adolescents. EBioMedicine, 112.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2024.105537"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padro, T., L\u00f3pez-Yerena, A., P\u00e9rez, A., Vilahur, G., and Badimon, L. (2023). Dietary \u03a93 Fatty Acids and Phytosterols in the Modulation of the HDL Lipidome: A Longitudinal Crossover Clinical Study. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15163637"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2019.115664","article-title":"Lipidomes in Health and Disease: Analytical Strategies and Considerations","volume":"120","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"TrAC Trends Anal."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1104901","article-title":"The Human Plasma Lipidome","volume":"365","author":"Quehenberger","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e189","DOI":"10.1038\/oncsis.2015.49","article-title":"Lipid Metabolic Reprogramming in Cancer Cells","volume":"5","author":"Vasseur","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncogenesis"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1821","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.002500","article-title":"Lipidomics Profiling and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in the Prospective Population-Based Bruneck Study","volume":"129","author":"Stegemann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.10.026","article-title":"Plasma lipidome patterns associated with cardiovascular risk in the PREDIMED trial: A case-cohort study","volume":"253","author":"Razquin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2028","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.024261","article-title":"Plasma Ceramides, Mediterranean Diet, and Incident Cardiovascular Disease in the PREDIMED Trial (Prevenci\u00f3n con Dieta Mediterr\u00e1nea)","volume":"135","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.023233","article-title":"Plasma Lipidomic Profiles Improve on Traditional Risk Factors for the Prediction of Cardiovascular Events in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"134","author":"Alshehry","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.116.307497","article-title":"Circulating Ceramides Predict Cardiovascular Outcomes in the Population-Based FINRISK 2002 Cohort","volume":"36","author":"Havulinna","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw148","article-title":"Plasma Ceramides Predict Cardiovascular Death in Patients with Stable Coronary Artery Disease and Acute Coronary Syndromes beyond LDL-Cholesterol","volume":"37","author":"Laaksonen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e027103","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.122.027103","article-title":"Lipidome-and Genome-wide Study to Understand Sex Differences in Circulatory Lipids","volume":"11","author":"Tabassum","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Heart Assoc."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beyene, H.B., Olshansky, G., T. Smith, A.A., Giles, C., Huynh, K., Cinel, M., Mellett, N.A., Cadby, G., Hung, J., and Hui, J. (2020). High-Coverage Plasma Lipidomics Reveals Novel Sex-Specific Lipidomic Fingerprints of Age and BMI: Evidence from Two Large Population Cohort Studies. PLoS Biol., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.3001049"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1002\/lipd.12293","article-title":"Lipidomic Analysis of Plasma from Healthy Men and Women Shows Phospholipid Class and Molecular Species Differences between Sexes","volume":"56","author":"West","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lipids"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2010-2061","article-title":"Sex Differences in Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism: It\u2019s Not Just about Sex Hormones","volume":"96","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117274","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2023.117274","article-title":"Effect of Biological Sex on Human Circulating Lipidome: An Overview of the Literature","volume":"384","author":"Tabassum","year":"2023","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"404","article-title":"Sex Differences in Metabolism and Cardiometabolic Disorders","volume":"29","author":"Krishnan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Infect."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nogueira, I.A.L., da Cruz, \u00c9.J.S.N., Fontenele, A.M.M., and Figueiredo Neto, J.A. (2018). Alterations in Postmenopausal Plasmatic Lipidome. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0203027"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1900482","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201900482","article-title":"Metabolic Inflammation in Obesity\u2014At the Crossroads between Fatty Acid and Cholesterol Metabolism","volume":"65","author":"Curley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12891","article-title":"Lipids, Inflammasomes, Metabolism, and Disease","volume":"297","author":"Anand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.2174\/0109298673311105240902053715","article-title":"Lipids and Inflammation: Novel Molecular Targets and Therapeutic Implications","volume":"32","author":"Triglia","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ25-0180","article-title":"Lipid Metabolic Reprogramming in Immune Regulation and Chronic Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"72","author":"Ito","year":"2025","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R066514","article-title":"Lipid Signaling and Lipotoxicity in Metaflammation: Indications for Metabolic Disease Pathogenesis and Treatment","volume":"57","author":"Ertunc","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2004.08.004","article-title":"Dyslipidemia and Inflammation: An Evolutionary Conserved Mechanism","volume":"24","author":"Esteve","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"750","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.307409","article-title":"Contribution of Gut Bacteria to Lipid Levels: Another Metabolic Role for Microbes?","volume":"117","author":"Allayee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, H., Fang, F., Wu, K., Song, J., Li, Y., Lu, X., Liu, J., Zhou, L., Yu, W., and Yu, F. (2023). Gut Microbiota-Bile Acid Crosstalk Regulates Murine Lipid Metabolism via the Intestinal FXR-FGF19 Axis in Diet-Induced Humanized Dyslipidemia. Microbiome, 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-023-01709-5"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Y., Raka, F., and Adeli, K. (2019). The Role of the Gut Microbiota in Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8122227"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s11154-019-09512-0","article-title":"Dietary Lipids, Gut Microbiota and Lipid Metabolism","volume":"20","author":"Schoeler","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Endocr. Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsiantas, K., Konteles, S.J., Kritsi, E., Sinanoglou, V.J., Tsiaka, T., and Zoumpoulakis, P. (2022). Effects of Non-Polar Dietary and Endogenous Lipids on Gut Microbiota Alterations: The Role of Lipidomics. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23084070"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306807","article-title":"The Gut Microbiome Contributes to a Substantial Proportion of the Variation in Blood Lipids","volume":"117","author":"Fu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Latino, F., Cataldi, S., Carvutto, R., De Candia, M., D\u2019Elia, F., Patti, A., Bonavolont\u00e0, V., and Fischetti, F. (2021). The Importance of Lipidomic Approach for Mapping and Exploring the Molecular Networks Underlying Physical Exercise: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22168734"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nivukoski, U., Niemel\u00e4, M., Bloigu, A., Bloigu, R., Aalto, M., Laatikainen, T., Niemel\u00e4, O., and Tauler, P. (2019). Impacts of Unfavourable Lifestyle Factors on Biomarkers of Liver Function, Inflammation and Lipid Status. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218463"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1683","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.5142","article-title":"Changes in Plasma Lipids during Exposure to Total Sleep Deprivation","volume":"38","author":"Chua","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1226","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.201500070","article-title":"Lipids under Stress\u2013a Lipidomic Approach for the Study of Mood Disorders","volume":"37","author":"Miranda","year":"2015","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2014.01.032","article-title":"Habitual Dietary Intake Impacts on the Lipidomic Profile","volume":"966","author":"Morris","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e60999","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.60999","article-title":"Improved Lipidomic Profile Mediates the Effects of Adherence to Healthy Lifestyles on Coronary Heart Disease","volume":"10","author":"Si","year":"2021","journal-title":"eLife"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nieman, D.C., Sakaguchi, C.A., Pelleigrini, M., Thompson, M.J., Sumner, S., and Zhang, Q. (2023). Healthy Lifestyle Linked to Innate Immunity and Lipoprotein Metabolism: A Cross-Sectional Comparison Using Untargeted Proteomics. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-44068-9"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pathmasiri, W., Rushing, B.R., McRitchie, S., Choudhari, M., Du, X., Smirnov, A., Pelleigrini, M., Thompson, M.J., Sakaguchi, C.A., and Nieman, D.C. (2024). Untargeted Metabolomics Reveal Signatures of a Healthy Lifestyle. Sci. Rep., 14.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-64561-z"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000001185","article-title":"Next Generation, Modifiable Cardiometabolic Biomarkers: Mitochondrial Adaptation and Metabolic Resilience: A Scientific Statement from the American Heart Association","volume":"148","author":"Perak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pe\u00f1a-de-la-Sancha, P., Mu\u00f1oz-Garc\u00eda, A., Esp\u00ednola-Zavaleta, N., Bautista-P\u00e9rez, R., Mej\u00eda, A.M., Luna-Luna, M., L\u00f3pez-Olmos, V., Rodr\u00edguez-P\u00e9rez, J.-M., Fragoso, J.-M., and Carre\u00f3n-Torres, E. (2023). Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation Increases HDL Content in N-3 Fatty Acids and Improves Endothelial Function in Hypertriglyceridemic Patients. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24065390"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001192","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202001192","article-title":"Virgin Olive Oil Phenolic Compounds Modulate the HDL Lipidome in Hypercholesterolaemic Subjects: A Lipidomic Analysis of the VOHF Study","volume":"65","author":"Pedret","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.117.310212","article-title":"Weight Loss and Exercise Alter the High-Density Lipoprotein Lipidome and Improve High-Density Lipoprotein Functionality in Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"38","author":"Khan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2013.04.004","article-title":"Multiscale Structures of Lipids in Foods as Parameters Affecting Fatty Acid Bioavailability and Lipid Metabolism","volume":"52","author":"Michalski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.116.151159","article-title":"Plasma Lipidomic Profiles and Cardiovascular Events in a Randomized Intervention Trial with the Mediterranean Diet","volume":"106","author":"Toledo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.220459","article-title":"A Healthy Nordic Diet Alters the Plasma Lipidomic Profile in Adults with Features of Metabolic Syndrome in a Multicenter Randomized Dietary Intervention","volume":"146","author":"Lankinen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-020-01746-3","article-title":"Plasma Lipidomic Profiles after a Low and High Glycemic Load Dietary Pattern in a Randomized Controlled Crossover Feeding Study","volume":"16","author":"Navarro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lankinen, M., Schwab, U., Kolehmainen, M., Paananen, J., Poutanen, K., Mykk\u00e4nen, H., Sepp\u00e4nen-Laakso, T., Gylling, H., Uusitupa, M., and Ore\u0161i\u010d, M. (2011). Whole Grain Products, Fish and Bilberries Alter Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in a Randomized, Controlled Trial: The Sysdimet Study. PLoS ONE, 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0022646"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Madkour, M.I., Islam, M.T., Tippetts, T.S., Chowdhury, K.H., Lesniewski, L.A., Summers, S.A., Zeb, F., Abdelrahim, D.N., AlKurd, R., and Khraiwesh, H.M. (2023). Ramadan Intermittent Fasting Is Associated with Ameliorated Inflammatory Markers and Improved Plasma Sphingolipids\/Ceramides in Subjects with Obesity: Lipidomics Analysis. Sci. Rep., 13.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-43862-9"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Djekic, D., Shi, L., Calais, F., Carlsson, F., Landberg, R., Hy\u00f6tyl\u00e4inen, T., and Fr\u00f8bert, O. (2020). Effects of a Lacto-Ovo-Vegetarian Diet on the Plasma Lipidome and Its Association with Atherosclerotic Burden in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease\u2014A Randomized, Open-Label, Cross-over Study. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113586"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-02149-4","article-title":"N-3 PUFA and Caloric Restriction Diet Alters Lipidomic Profiles in Obese Men with Metabolic Syndrome: A Preliminary Open Study","volume":"59","author":"Shabrina","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ottestad, I., Hassani, S., Borge, G.I., Kohler, A., Vogt, G., Hy\u00f6tyl\u00e4inen, T., Ore\u0161i\u010d, M., Br\u00f8nner, K.W., Holven, K.B., and Ulven, S.M. (2012). Fish Oil Supplementation Alters the Plasma Lipidomic Profile and Increases Long-Chain PUFAs of Phospholipids and Triglycerides in Healthy Subjects. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0042550"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-024-03124-1","article-title":"Lipidome Changes Due to Improved Dietary Fat Quality Inform Cardiometabolic Risk Reduction and Precision Nutrition","volume":"30","author":"Eichelmann","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2023.03.024","article-title":"Replacement of Dietary Saturated with Unsaturated Fatty Acids Is Associated with Beneficial Effects on Lipidome Metabolites: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Trial","volume":"117","author":"Sellem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dawczynski, C., Plagge, J., Jahreis, G., Liebisch, G., H\u00f6ring, M., Seeliger, C., and Ecker, J. (2022). Dietary PUFA Preferably Modify Ethanolamine-Containing Glycerophospholipids of the Human Plasma Lipidome. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14153055"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lankinen, M., Schwab, U., Erkkil\u00e4, A., Sepp\u00e4nen-Laakso, T., Hannila, M.-L., Mussalo, H., Lehto, S., Uusitupa, M., Gylling, H., and Ore\u0161i\u010d, M. (2009). Fatty Fish Intake Decreases Lipids Related to Inflammation and Insulin Signaling\u2014A Lipidomics Approach. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005258"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sung, H.H., Sinclair, A.J., Huynh, K., Smith, A.A.T., Mellett, N.A., Meikle, P.J., and Su, X.Q. (2020). Krill Oil Has Different Effects on the Plasma Lipidome Compared with Fish Oil Following 30 Days of Supplementation in Healthy Women: A Randomized Controlled and Crossover Study. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092804"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2012","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.115.210104","article-title":"Postprandial Plasma Phospholipids in Men Are Influenced by the Source of Dietary Fat","volume":"145","author":"Meikle","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.03.021","article-title":"Differential Plasma Postprandial Lipidomic Responses to Krill Oil and Fish Oil Supplementations in Women: A Randomized Crossover Study","volume":"65","author":"Sung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.056805","article-title":"Deep Lipidomics in Human Plasma: Cardiometabolic Disease Risk and Effect of Dietary Fat Modulation","volume":"146","author":"Eichelmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-0314","article-title":"Diet-Related Lipidomic Signatures and Changed Type 2 Diabetes Risk in a Randomized Controlled Feeding Study with Mediterranean Diet and Traditional Chinese or Transitional Diets","volume":"46","author":"Luo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00213","DOI":"10.1002\/edm2.213","article-title":"Changes in the Lipidome in Type 1 Diabetes Following Low Carbohydrate Diet: Post-hoc Analysis of a Randomized Crossover Trial","volume":"4","author":"Schmidt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinol. Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114520002524","article-title":"Daily Mycoprotein Consumption for 1 Week Does Not Affect Insulin Sensitivity or Glycaemic Control but Modulates the Plasma Lipidome in Healthy Adults: A Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"125","author":"Coelho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toh, D.W.K., Zhou, H., Cazenave-Gassiot, A., Choi, H., Burla, B., Bendt, A.K., Wenk, M.R., Ling, L.H., and Kim, J.E. (2024). Effects of Wolfberry (Lycium Barbarum) Consumption on the Human Plasma Lipidome and Its Association with Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Middle-Aged and Older Adults. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1258570"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.10.012","article-title":"Changes in the Plasma Lipidome of Healthy Subjects after Coffee Consumption Reveal Potential Cardiovascular Benefits: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"176","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.2c00682","article-title":"Comprehensive Lipidomic Workflow for Multicohort Population Phenotyping Using Stable Isotope Dilution Targeted Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry","volume":"22","author":"Ryan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-2978-9_29","article-title":"Comprehensive Targeted Lipidomic Profiling for Research and Clinical Applications","volume":"Volume 2628","author":"Huynh","year":"2023","journal-title":"Serum\/Plasma Proteomics: Methods and Protocols"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3168","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.2c02598","article-title":"Omic-Scale High-Throughput Quantitative LC\u2013MS\/MS Approach for Circulatory Lipid Phenotyping in Clinical Research","volume":"95","author":"Medina","year":"2023","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajcnut.2024.08.015","article-title":"Deep Serum Lipidomics Identifies Evaluative and Predictive Biomarkers for Individualized Glycemic Responses Following Low-Energy Diet-Induced Weight Loss: A PREVention of Diabetes through Lifestyle Intervention and Population Studies in Europe and around the World (PREVIEW) Substudy","volume":"120","author":"Jiang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2023.06.010","article-title":"Dietary Quality and Circulating Lipidomic Profiles in 2 Cohorts of Middle-Aged and Older Male Finnish Smokers and American Populations","volume":"153","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rojo-L\u00f3pez, M.I., Barranco-Altirriba, M., Rossell, J., Antentas, M., Castelblanco, E., Yanes, O., Weber, R.J.M., Lloyd, G.R., Winder, C., and Dunn, W.B. (2024). The Lipidomic Profile Is Associated with the Dietary Pattern in Subjects with and without Diabetes Mellitus from a Mediterranean Area. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16121805"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lindqvist, H.M., B\u00e4rebring, L., Gjertsson, I., Jylh\u00e4, A., Laaksonen, R., Winkvist, A., and Hilvo, M. (2021). A Randomized Controlled Dietary Intervention Improved the Serum Lipid Signature towards a Less Atherogenic Profile in Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis. Metabolites, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11090632"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3193","DOI":"10.26599\/FSHW.2023.9250006","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Olive Oil, Camellia Seed Oil and Soybean Oil on Serum Lipid Composition in Women with a High Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Lipidomic Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Wu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Hum. Wellness"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.28137","article-title":"Effect of a Dietary Intervention and n\u20133 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Measures of Serum Lipid and Insulin Sensitivity in Persons with HIV","volume":"90","author":"Woods","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medj.2024.07.024","article-title":"Impact of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Hypertriglyceridemia, Lipidomics, and Gut Microbiome in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"6","author":"Lu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"894","article-title":"A Lipidomic Analysis Approach to Evaluate the Response to Cholesterol-Lowering Food Intake","volume":"8","author":"Troost","year":"2011","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.200900116","article-title":"Variation in the Human Lipidome Associated with Coffee Consumption as Revealed by Quantitative Targeted Metabolomics","volume":"53","author":"Altmaier","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlr.2024.100605","article-title":"Lipidomics and Metabolomics Investigation into the Effect of DAG Dietary Intervention on Hyperuricemia in Athletes","volume":"65","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2950","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R036095","article-title":"Unraveling the Complexities of the HDL Lipidome1","volume":"54","author":"Kontush","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tjnut.2024.01.007","article-title":"Fish Oil Supplementation Modifies the Proteome, Lipidome, and Function of High-Density Lipoprotein: Findings from a Trial in Young Healthy Adults","volume":"154","author":"Mueller","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz088","article-title":"Whole Egg Consumption Compared with Yolk-Free Egg Increases the Cholesterol Efflux Capacity of High-Density Lipoproteins in Overweight, Postmenopausal Women","volume":"110","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-019-1579-1","article-title":"The HDL Lipidome Is Widely Remodeled by Fast Food versus Mediterranean Diet in 4 Days","volume":"15","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_87","first-page":"189","article-title":"Structure of Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL) Particles: Basis for Understanding Molecular Changes in Modified LDL","volume":"1488","author":"Hevonoja","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Mol. Cell Biol. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/s00392-017-1106-1","article-title":"HDL Cholesterol: Reappraisal of Its Clinical Relevance","volume":"106","author":"Kleber","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2011.05.013","article-title":"Biological Activities of HDL Subpopulations and Their Relevance to Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"17","author":"Camont","year":"2011","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.103861","article-title":"Dietary \u03b1-Linolenic Acid, EPA, and DHA Have Differential Effects on LDL Fatty Acid Composition but Similar Effects on Serum Lipid Profiles in Normolipidemic Humans12","volume":"139","author":"Egert","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacl.2021.08.060","article-title":"Lipidomic Changes of LDL after Consumption of Camelina Sativa Oil, Fatty Fish and Lean Fish in Subjects with Impaired Glucose Metabolism\u2014A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"15","author":"Manninen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.P052217","article-title":"Lipidomic Changes of LDL in Overweight and Moderately Hypercholesterolemic Subjects Taking Phytosterol-and Omega-3-Supplemented Milk","volume":"56","author":"Padro","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, D., Vernon, S.T., D\u2019Agostino, Z., Wu, J., Giles, C., Chan, A.S., Kott, K.A., Gray, M.P., Gholipour, A., and Tang, O. (2023). Lipidomics Profiling and Risk of Coronary Artery Disease in the BioHEART-CT Discovery Cohort. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13060917"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sigruener, A., Kleber, M.E., Heimerl, S., Liebisch, G., Schmitz, G., Maerz, W., and Calabresi, L. (2014). Glycerophospholipid and Sphingolipid Species and Mortality: The Ludwigshafen Risk and Cardiovascular Health (LURIC) Study. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085724"},{"key":"ref_95","first-page":"1830","article-title":"Lipid Metabolic Networks, Mediterranean Diet and Cardiovascular Disease in the PREDIMED Trial","volume":"47","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Leuk. Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2021.03.314","article-title":"Fat-Secreted Ceramides Regulate Vascular Redox State and Influence Outcomes in Patients with Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"77","author":"Akawi","year":"2021","journal-title":"JACC"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.122.318048","article-title":"Ceramide Metabolism in Cardiovascular Disease: A Network with High Therapeutic Potential","volume":"42","author":"Zietzer","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-021-00536-1","article-title":"Ceramides and Other Sphingolipids as Drivers of Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"18","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-022-00676-y","article-title":"Metabolism of Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins in Health and Dyslipidaemia","volume":"19","author":"Boren","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.20045","article-title":"Association of Triglyceride-Lowering LPL Variants and LDL-C\u2013Lowering LDLR Variants with Risk of Coronary Heart Disease","volume":"321","author":"Ference","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.115.306249","article-title":"Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: New Insights from Epidemiology, Genetics, and Biology","volume":"118","author":"Nordestgaard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09922","article-title":"Gut Flora Metabolism of Phosphatidylcholine Promotes Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"472","author":"Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1109400","article-title":"Intestinal Microbial Metabolism of Phosphatidylcholine and Cardiovascular Risk","volume":"368","author":"Tang","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.20.12.2614","article-title":"Plasma Sphingomyelin Level as a Risk Factor for Coronary Artery Disease","volume":"20","author":"Jiang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Arter. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj140","article-title":"Plasma Sphingomyelin and Subclinical Atherosclerosis: Findings from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis","volume":"163","author":"Nelson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."}],"container-title":["Metabolites"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/15\/9\/602\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T18:42:40Z","timestamp":1760035360000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/15\/9\/602"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]},"references-count":105,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["metabo15090602"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo15090602","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-1989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-1989","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,9]]}}}