{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T15:21:53Z","timestamp":1776439313891,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]],"date-time":"2025-09-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Liverpool","award":["MR\/M009114\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/M009114\/1"]}]},{"name":"Chulalongkorn University","award":["MR\/M009114\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/M009114\/1"]}]},{"name":"MRC","award":["MR\/M009114\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/M009114\/1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Untargeted 1H NMR metabolomics is a robust and reproducible approach used to study the metabolism in biological samples, providing unprecedented insight into altered cellular processes associated with human diseases. Metabolomics is increasingly used alongside other techniques to detect an instantaneous altered cellular function, for example, the role of neutrophils in the inflammatory response. However, in some clinical settings, blood samples may be limited, restricting the amount of cellular material available for a metabolomic analysis. In this study, we wanted to establish an optimal 1D 1H NMR metabolomic pipeline for use with human neutrophil samples with low amounts of input material. Methods: We compared the effect of different neutrophil isolation protocols on metabolite profiles. We also compared the effect of the absolute cell counts (100,000 to 5,000,000) on the identities of metabolites that were detected with an increasing number of scans (NS) from 256 to 2048. Results\/Conclusions: The variance in the neutrophil profile was equivalent between the isolation methods, and the choice of isolation method did not significantly alter the metabolite profile. The minimum number of cells required for the detection of neutrophil metabolites was 400,000 at an NS of 256 for the spectra acquired with a cryoprobe (700 MHz). Increasing the NS to 2048 increased metabolite detection at the very lowest cell counts (&lt;400,000 neutrophils); however, this was associated with a significant increase in the analysis time, which would be rate-limiting for large studies. The application of a correlation-reliability-score-filtering method to the spectral bins preserved the essential discriminatory features of the PLS-DA models whilst improving the dataset robustness and analytical precision.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15090612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,16]],"date-time":"2025-09-16T07:33:02Z","timestamp":1758007982000},"page":"612","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["An NMR Metabolomics Analysis Pipeline for Human Neutrophil Samples with Limited Source Material"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9329-8189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grace","family":"Filbertine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6433-1664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Genna A.","family":"Abdullah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7325-0786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucy","family":"Gill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0233-7112","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rudi","family":"Grosman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High-Field NMR Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0708-2964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie M.","family":"Phelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"High-Field NMR Centre, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK"},{"name":"Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZB, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Direkrit","family":"Chiewchengchol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nattiya","family":"Hirankarn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0442-3134","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen L.","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 8TX, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-013-0524-y","article-title":"NMR-based metabolomics in human disease diagnosis: Applications, limitations, and recommendations","volume":"9","author":"Emwas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06490-x","article-title":"The status of the human gene catalogue","volume":"622","author":"Amaral","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1819","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00035.2018","article-title":"Metabolomics for Investigating Physiological and Pathophysiological Processes","volume":"99","author":"Wishart","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. 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