{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T16:20:28Z","timestamp":1792858828873,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759536000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Bulgarian Ministry of Education and Science under the National Program \u201cYoung Scientists and Postdoctoral Students\u20142\u201d"},{"name":"VMF, Trakia university, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria","award":["03\/22"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["03\/22"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.mdpi.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The aim of the present study is to compare the potential of a high-fat diet, a high-carbohydrate diet, and a high-fat, high-carbohydrate diet to induce liver injury and visceral obesity within a period of five weeks, identify the pattern and degree of hepatic changes at the tissue level, identify the earliest metabolic markers of specific liver changes induced by each type of diet, and to test the possible beneficial effects of steviol glycosides in a rat experimental model. Methods: Wistar rats (n = 56) were divided into seven groups as follows: group BD (before diet), group SD (standard diet), group HFD (high-fat diet), group HCHD (high-carbohydrate diet), group HFHCHD (high-fat high-carbohydrate diet), group SDS (standard diet supplemented with Stevia extract), and group HFDS (high-fat diet supplemented with Stevia extract). Results: Total cholesterol concentrations (2.02 \u00b1 0.22 mmol\/L) increased in the HFD group (2.56 \u00b1 0.82 mmol\/L) and in the HFDS group (2.89 \u00b1 0.48 mmol\/L). The VLDL values before diets were 0.27 \u00b1 0.11 mmol\/L and increased most significantly in the HFHCHD group\u20141.14 \u00b1 0.62 mmol\/L. The baseline ALT values (88.4 \u00b1 10.6 U\/L) increased in the HFD group (128.13 \u00b1 19.5 U\/L) and the HFDS group (127.00 \u00b1 17.74 U\/L). Similar increases were registered in the AST\/ALT ratio and ALP. Total bilirubin (7.10 \u00b1 1.39 \u03bcmol\/L) increased in HFD group (27.86 \u00b1 17.01 \u03bcmol\/L). Serum NO had the lowest values in groups fed diets supplemented with steviol glycosides. All high-calorie diets induced hepatocellular injury. The mass of the perirenal fat depot and cross-sectional area of adipocytes were highest in HFD, HFHCHD, and HFDS groups. Conclusion: High-calorie diets have the potential to induce visceral obesity and hepatocellular injury within a very short period of time, which produces characteristic histological changes and specific biochemical profile. Steviol glycosides may alleviate some aspects of the inflammatory response, but findings about lipid profile parameters and liver enzymes are controversial.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15100656","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T13:33:41Z","timestamp":1759757621000},"page":"656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Biomarkers Characterizing the Onset of Dietary-Induced Hepatocellular Injury and Visceral Obesity in a Rat Experimental Model: Possible Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Steviol Glycosides"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Krastina","family":"Trifonova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora 6015, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Penka","family":"Yonkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora 6015, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petko","family":"Dzhelebov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Stara Zagora 6015, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104093","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2023.104093","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms in thioacetamide-induced acute and chronic liver injury models","volume":"99","author":"Ezhilarasan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. 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