{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:12:33Z","timestamp":1793045553530,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760227200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute pancreatitis (AP) and chronic pancreatitis (CP) are distinct inflammatory conditions with significant clinical burden, including associated complications and mortality. These pancreatic conditions share overlapping pathophysiologic features. Although AP can be followed by recurrent episodes (recurrent acute pancreatitis, RAP), most CP does not follow a simple linear progression from AP; rather, CP reflects sustained processes causing injury to the pancreas (e.g., toxic-metabolic, genetic, obstructive), leading to fibrosis and organ dysfunction. Lipidomics and metabolomics can provide insights into the pathophysiology of the disease. Although researchers have extensively explored lipids and metabolites to better understand disease mechanisms, comprehensive detailed insights into the pathways and intricate roles these molecules play in pancreatitis remain unidentified. This gap can be partially attributed to limited availability of human samples from disease subgroups in pancreatitis, and current technological constraints in analytical methods, particularly regarding complete lipid and metabolite detection, identification, and quantification. In this review, we summarize lipidomic and metabolomic workflows in the context of understanding pancreatitis pathophysiology, including their design and analytical strategies. We also highlight clinical studies on pancreatitis, utilizing lipidomics and metabolomics as a tool to identify altered or dysregulated lipids or metabolites, and their association with the disease state and its progression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15100666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T08:34:26Z","timestamp":1760517266000},"page":"666","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Advancing Clinical and Pathophysiological Insights into Pancreatitis Using Lipidomics and Metabolomics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0953-2201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Faizan","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4156-3294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xueheng","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA"},{"name":"Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth D. R.","family":"Setchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA"},{"name":"Division of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maisam","family":"Abu-El-Haija","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children\u2019s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0158-2","article-title":"New insights into acute pancreatitis","volume":"16","author":"Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2015.08.045","article-title":"Burden of Gastrointestinal, Liver, and Pancreatic Diseases in the United States","volume":"149","author":"Peery","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.328","article-title":"Incidence, prevalence, and survival of chronic pancreatitis: A population-based study","volume":"106","author":"Yadav","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1159\/000499138","article-title":"Etiology and Risk Factors of Acute and Chronic Pancreatitis","volume":"35","author":"Weiss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Visc. Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0000000000000301","article-title":"New insights into the pathways initiating and driving pancreatitis","volume":"32","author":"Gukovskaya","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16891","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i45.16891","article-title":"Acute recurrent pancreatitis: Etiopathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment","volume":"20","author":"Testoni","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2018.4","article-title":"Integrative omics for health and disease","volume":"19","author":"Karczewski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.E400004-JLR200","article-title":"A comprehensive classification system for lipids","volume":"46","author":"Fahy","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"387","article-title":"Chronic pancreatitis--definition, etiology, investigation and treatment","volume":"110","author":"Mayerle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peng, Y., Hong, J., Raftery, D., Qing, X., and Dan, D. (2021). Metabolomic-based clinical studies and murine models for acute pancreatitis disease: A review. Biochim. Et Biophys. Acta (BBA)\u2014Mol. Basis Dis., 1867.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2021.166123"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30.1.1","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142727.mb3001s90","article-title":"Untargeted Metabolomics","volume":"90","author":"Vinayavekhin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30.2.1","DOI":"10.1002\/0471142727.mb3002s98","article-title":"Targeted Metabolomics","volume":"98","author":"Roberts","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Segatto, M., and Pallottini, V. (2020). Facts about Fats: New Insights into the Role of Lipids in Metabolism, Disease and Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186651"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1222373","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/1222373","article-title":"An Overview of Structured Lipid in Food Science: Synthesis Methods, Applications, and Future Prospects","volume":"2023","author":"Hong","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Chem."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cerone, M., and Smith, T.K. (2021). A Brief Journey into the History of and Future Sources and Uses of Fatty Acids. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.570401"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-021-00636-2","article-title":"Lipid biomarkers: Molecular tools for illuminating the history of microbial life","volume":"20","author":"Summons","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wei, J., Wong, L.C., and Boland, S. (2023). Lipids as Emerging Biomarkers in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25010131"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40169-018-0182-9","article-title":"Lipidomics unveils the complexity of the lipidome in metabolic diseases","volume":"7","author":"Lydic","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4973","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-015-8633-2","article-title":"Optimizing the lipidomics workflow for clinical studies\u2014Practical considerations","volume":"407","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2023.117336","article-title":"UHPLC-MS\/MS-based untargeted lipidomics analysis of septic patients","volume":"544","author":"Liang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinms.2019.05.002","article-title":"Data analysis of MS-based clinical lipidomics studies with crossover design: A tutorial mini-review of statistical methods","volume":"13","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlr.2021.100138","article-title":"Recommendations for good practice in MS-based lipidomics","volume":"62","author":"Ahrends","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2018.04.006","article-title":"Current and future perspectives of functional metabolomics in disease studies\u2013A review","volume":"1037","author":"Yan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anal. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1002\/mas.20306","article-title":"Mass spectrometry-based holistic analytical approaches for metabolite profiling in systems biology studies","volume":"30","author":"Theodoridis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mass Spectrom. Rev."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-006-0687-8","article-title":"Comparing and combining NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry in metabolomics","volume":"387","author":"Pan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Li, E.-M., Xu, L.-Y., Chen, Y., Li, E.-M., and Xu, L.-Y. (2022). Guide to Metabolomics Analysis: A Bioinformatics Workflow. Metabolites, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12040357"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W486","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky310","article-title":"MetaboAnalyst 4.0: Towards more transparent and integrative metabolomics analysis","volume":"46","author":"Chong","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"2314","article-title":"Metabolomic characterization of human pancreatitis by \u00b9H-NMR spectroscopy","volume":"59","author":"Ouyang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hepato-Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2017.04.015","article-title":"Identification of potential diagnostic biomarkers of acute pancreatitis by serum metabolomic profiles","volume":"17","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"ref_30","first-page":"765","article-title":"Novel biomarkers of hyperlipidemic acute pancreatitis: Metabolomic identification","volume":"6","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Asian Biomed."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2019.05.456","article-title":"GC-MS based metabolomics strategy to distinguish three types of acute pancreatitis","volume":"19","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dancu, G., Tarta, C., Socaciu, C., Bende, F., Danila, M., Sirli, R., Sporea, I., Miutescu, B., and Popescu, A. (2023). Unraveling the Metabolic Changes in Acute Pancreatitis: A Metabolomics-Based Approach for Etiological Differentiation and Acute Biomarker Discovery. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13101558"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522-024-00499-4","article-title":"Integrative metagenomic and metabolomic analyses reveal the potential of gut microbiota to exacerbate acute pancreatitis","volume":"10","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes"},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"161","article-title":"Urinary 1H-NMR metabolomics can distinguish pancreatitis patients from healthy controls","volume":"14","author":"Lusczek","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Pancreas"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5362","DOI":"10.1021\/pr500161w","article-title":"1H NMR Global Metabolic Phenotyping of Acute Pancreatitis in the Emergency Unit","volume":"13","author":"Kinross","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25837","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA26708K","article-title":"Multi-dimensional, comprehensive sample extraction combined with LC-GC\/MS analysis for complex biological samples: Application in the metabolomics study of acute pancreatitis","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2011.12.006","article-title":"Serum lipid and fatty acid profiles are highly changed in patients with alcohol induced acute pancreatitis","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e169","DOI":"10.1038\/ctg.2016.26","article-title":"Stereotypical Metabolic Response to Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography Show Alterations in Pancreatic Function Regardless of Post-Procedure Pancreatitis","volume":"7","author":"Lusczek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"990","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.21969","article-title":"Serum Metabonomics of Mild Acute Pancreatitis","volume":"30","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skouras, C., Zheng, X., Binnie, M., Homer, N.Z.M., Murray, T.B.J., Robertson, D., Briody, L., Paterson, F., Spence, H., and Derr, L. (2016). Increased levels of 3-hydroxykynurenine parallel disease severity in human acute pancreatitis. Sci. Rep., 6.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33951"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12951-022-01239-6","article-title":"Quantitative metabolic analysis of plasma extracellular vesicles for the diagnosis of severe acute pancreatitis","volume":"20","author":"Lou","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Nanobiotechnol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2012.05.012","article-title":"Distinguishing pancreatic cancer from chronic pancreatitis and healthy individuals by (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance-based metabonomic profiles","volume":"45","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2020-320723","article-title":"Identification and validation of a multivariable prediction model based on blood plasma and serum metabolomics for the distinction of chronic pancreatitis subjects from non-pancreas disease control subjects","volume":"70","author":"Adam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00edaz, C., Jim\u00e9nez-Luna, C., Di\u00e9guez-Castillo, C., Mart\u00edn, A., Prados, J., Mart\u00edn-Ru\u00edz, J.L., Genilloud, O., Vicente, F., Palacio, J.P.d., and Caba, O. (2021). Untargeted Metabolomics for the Diagnosis of Exocrine Pancreatic Insufficiency in Chronic Pancreatitis. Medicina, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57090876"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2022.06.007","article-title":"Pain, depression, and poor quality of life in chronic pancreatitis: Relationship with altered brain metabolites","volume":"22","author":"Sarkar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2023.117251","article-title":"Serum metabolomics study for acute attack of chronic pancreatitis","volume":"541","author":"Wu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1093\/labmed\/lmad004","article-title":"Identification of Differential Metabolites Between Type 2 Diabetes and Postchronic Pancreatitis Diabetes (Type 3c) Based on an Untargeted Metabolomics Approach","volume":"54","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lab. Med."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.14309\/ctg.0000000000000704","article-title":"Plasma Metabolite Profiling Identifies Nondiabetic Chronic Pancreatitis Patients with Metabolic Alterations Progressing to Prediabetes Before HbA1c","volume":"15","author":"Ketavarapu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin. Transl. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-007-0557-5","article-title":"Serum amino acid profile in patients with acute pancreatitis","volume":"35","author":"Sandstrom","year":"2008","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrc.2011.12.004","article-title":"The association of mean glucose level and glucose variability with intensive care unit mortality in patients with severe acute pancreatitis","volume":"27","author":"Zuo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Crit. Care"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2021.06.006","article-title":"Sphingolipids in metabolic disease: The good, the bad, and the unknown","volume":"33","author":"Green","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"178910","article-title":"Sphingolipid Metabolic Pathway: An Overview of Major Roles Played in Human Diseases","volume":"2013","author":"Rao","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Lipids"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm2330","article-title":"Membrane lipids: Where they are and how they behave","volume":"9","author":"vanMeer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. reviews. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"gix087","DOI":"10.1093\/gigascience\/gix087","article-title":"Lipidomics profiling reveals the role of glycerophospholipid metabolism in psoriasis","volume":"6","author":"Zeng","year":"2017","journal-title":"GigaScience"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Norris, G.H., Blesso, C.N., Norris, G.H., and Blesso, C.N. (2017). Dietary and Endogenous Sphingolipid Metabolism in Chronic Inflammation. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9111180"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2020.11.025","article-title":"Enrichment of alpha-linolenic acid in rodent diet reduced oxidative stress and inflammation during myocardial infarction","volume":"162","author":"Leung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1348","DOI":"10.1039\/D1FO03396D","article-title":"Alleviation effects of grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on inflammation and oxidative stress in a D-galactose-induced aging mouse model by modulating the gut microbiota","volume":"13","author":"Sheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2015.01.015","article-title":"Bile acid-induced necrosis in primary human hepatocytes and in patients with obstructive cholestasis","volume":"283","author":"Woolbright","year":"2015","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/137.6.1539S","article-title":"Tyrosine, Phenylalanine, and Catecholamine Synthesis and Function in the Brain2","volume":"137","author":"Fernstrom","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mierziak, J., Burgberger, M., Wojtasik, W., Wojtasik, W., Mierziak, J., Burgberger, M., and Wojtasik, W. (2021). 3-Hydroxybutyrate as a Metabolite and a Signal Molecule Regulating Processes of Living Organisms. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11030402"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhou, R., Wu, Q., Yang, Z., Cai, Y., Wang, D., and Wu, D. (2024). The Role of the Gut Microbiome in the Development of Acute Pancreatitis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25021159"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3892\/br.2024.1812","article-title":"Oxidative stress and acute pancreatitis (Review)","volume":"21","author":"Cai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biomed. Rep."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9440(10)61125-X","article-title":"Expression of Transforming Growth Factor-\u03b21 by Pancreatic Stellate Cells and Its Implications for Matrix Secretion and Turnover in Chronic Pancreatitis","volume":"160","author":"Shek","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gabr, S.A., Alghadir, A.H., Sherif, Y.E., and Ghfar, A.A. (2016). Hydroxyproline as a Biomarker in Liver Disease. Biomarkers in Disease: Methods, Discoveries and Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-7742-2_26-1"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2012.03.025","article-title":"Metabolomic analysis to discover candidate therapeutic agents against acute pancreatitis","volume":"522","author":"Sakai","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2000.9312","article-title":"Chronic pancreatitis associated with an activation peptide mutation that facilitates trypsin activation","volume":"119","author":"Teich","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1193","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3686","article-title":"Elevated circulating branched chain amino acids are an early event in pancreatic adenocarcinoma development","volume":"20","author":"Mayers","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2023.07.003","article-title":"Kynurenine pathway alteration in acute pancreatitis and its role as a biomarker of infected necrosis","volume":"23","author":"Jakkampudi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pancreatol. Off. J. Int. Assoc. Pancreatol. (IAP)"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-024-02217-7","article-title":"Phospholipid and glycerolipid metabolism as potential diagnostic biomarkers for acute pancreatitis","volume":"23","author":"Shi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kono\u0144czuk, T., \u0141ukaszuk, B., \u017bendzian-Piotrowska, M., D\u0105browski, A., Krzy\u017cak, M., Ostrowska, L., and Kurek, K. (2017). Plasma Sphingolipids in Acute Pancreatitis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18122606"}],"container-title":["Metabolites"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/15\/10\/666\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,15]],"date-time":"2025-10-15T09:13:49Z","timestamp":1760519629000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/15\/10\/666"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["metabo15100666"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo15100666","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-1989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-1989","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]]}}}