{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T19:45:12Z","timestamp":1783712712779,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Postgraduate Program at Botucatu Medical School, UNESP"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016\/01743\u20135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016\/01743\u20135"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"CNPq\u2014Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","award":["305116\/2018-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["305116\/2018-5"]}]},{"name":"CNPq\u2014Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","award":["312511\/2023-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312511\/2023-0"]}]},{"name":"CNPq\u2014Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","award":["312841\/2023-0"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["312841\/2023-0"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002850","name":"Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1190316"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1190316"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002850","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Vicerectorate of Academic Affairs, Academic Development Office of the Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The pathogenesis of developing gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) integrated with pregnancy-specific urinary incontinence (PSUI) may be related to immunological and hormonal factors. Inflammatory cytokines influence the function and regulation of the urinary tract, and changes in melatonin concentration are a predisposing factor for smooth muscle dysfunction and cystometric changes. Objective: This study examines the influence of melatonin, MT1 and MT2 receptors, and inflammatory cytokines in the blood and urine of pregnant women with GDM and PSUI. Methods: Two hundred sixty-nine pregnant women were approached during the diagnostic investigation of GDM and answered a specifically structured questionnaire about the involuntary loss of urine. According to these criteria, mothers were divided into four groups: continent normoglycemic (NG-C), incontinent normoglycemic (NG-I), continent GDM (GDM-C), and incontinent GDM (GDM-UI). Blood and urine samples were collected to determine the levels of melatonin, melatonin sulfate, melatonin receptors (MT1 and MT2), and inflammatory cytokines. Results: Blood level of melatonin and IL-10 was lower, but MT1, MT2, IL-1\u03b2, IL-8, and TNF-\u03b1 were higher in GDM-UI compared with the NG-C group. The melatonin sulfate level was lower in the urine of the GDM-UI group compared with the NG-C group. Conclusions: Maternal hyperglycemia associated with urinary incontinence generates an inflammatory environment characterized by reduced melatonin and IL-10 and increased IL-1\u03b2, IL-8, and TNF-\u03b1 in the blood of mothers with GDM with UI. This environmental condition may be involved in the pathogenesis of these pathologies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15110699","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T05:48:46Z","timestamp":1761716926000},"page":"699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Melatonin and Inflammatory Cytokines as Modulators of the Interaction Between Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Pregnancy-Specific Urinary Incontinence"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4921-4064","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle Cristina Hon\u00f3rio","family":"Fran\u00e7a","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1854-5397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eduardo Luzia","family":"Fran\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Gar\u00e7as 78605-091, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adenilda Cristina","family":"Hon\u00f3rio-Fran\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Gar\u00e7as 78605-091, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K\u00eania Maria Rezende","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Gar\u00e7as 78605-091, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriele Ata\u00eddes de","family":"Queiroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Gar\u00e7as 78605-091, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5101-2883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tassiane Cristina","family":"Morais","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sciences, Santa Casa de Miseric\u00f3rdia de Vit\u00f3ria (EMESCAM), Vit\u00f3ria 29045-402, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuelle Carolina Honorio","family":"Fran\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Gar\u00e7as 78605-091, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina Neiva Frota","family":"de Carvalho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danny Laura Gomes","family":"Fagundes-Triches","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biological and Health Science, Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT), Barra do Gar\u00e7as 78605-091, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ang\u00e9lica M\u00e9rcia Pascon","family":"Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil"},{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, School of Philosophy and Sciences, S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Marilia 17525-900, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4761-4336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iracema de Mattos Paranhos","family":"Calderon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5802-2243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Sobrevia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil"},{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Physiology Laboratory (CMPL), Department of Obstetrics, Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de Chile, Santiago 8330024, Chile"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidad de Sevilla, E-41012 Seville, Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marilza Vieira Cunha","family":"Rudge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Botucatu Medical School (FMB), S\u00e3o Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-687, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4093\/dmj.2021.0335","article-title":"Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Diagnostic Approaches and Maternal-Offspring Complications","volume":"46","author":"Moon","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. 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