{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,14]],"date-time":"2026-04-14T06:12:31Z","timestamp":1776147151315,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764028800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes of Health\u2014Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","award":["K23HD070760"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23HD070760"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health\u2014Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","award":["R01HD111550"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HD111550"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health\u2014Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","award":["R00HD108272"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00HD108272"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P30DK020541"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30DK020541"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012301","name":"Einstein-Mount Sinai Diabetes Research Center","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012301","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Thrasher Research Fund Early Career Award","award":["15142"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["15142"]}]},{"name":"NIH Shared Instrumentation","award":["1S10 OD021798-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1S10 OD021798-01A1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Pregnant people with HIV (PWH) are more likely to experience systemic inflammation than pregnant people without HIV (PWoH), which may contribute to adverse outcomes in HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) infants; however, the underlying mechanisms are not well studied. This study examined associations between maternal inflammatory markers during pregnancy and cord blood inflammatory markers and metabolomic signatures. Methods: Between 2011 and 2025, pregnant PWH and PWoH were enrolled at 24\u201328 weeks of gestational age. Maternal plasma was analyzed for inflammatory markers [interleukin (IL)-6, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), soluble TNF-\u03b1 receptor 1 (sTNFR1) and 2 (sTNFR2), soluble CD163 (sCD163), soluble CD14 (sCD14)]. At delivery, cord blood was collected for measurement of IL-6, TNF-\u03b1, IFN-\u03b3, and IL-10 and for targeted metabolomics by ultra-performance liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry. Spearman correlation, linear regression, and weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) were used to evaluate associations, stratified by HIV exposure. Results: This study included 22 PWH and 47 PWoH and their infants. Among HEU infants, but not HUU infants, maternal IL-6 correlated with cord blood TNF\u03b1 (r = 0.443, p &lt; 0.05) and maternal sTNFR1 correlated with both cord blood TNF\u03b1 (r = 0.617, p &lt; 0.05) and IFN\u03b3 (r = \u22120.517, p &lt; 0.05). WGCNA identified five metabolomic modules. In the HEU group, naternal sCD14 was positively associated with a metabolomic module characterized by lysophosphotidylecholines in the HEU group. Conclusions: We identified distinct patterns in the relationships between maternal inflammation and infant immune\u2013metabolic profiles by HIV exposure status. These findings suggest that HIV infection, even with viral suppression, may alter the maternal\u2013fetal inflammatory interface and influence early metabolic programming.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15120765","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T16:31:54Z","timestamp":1764088314000},"page":"765","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Maternal Inflammation During Pregnancy and Cord Blood Metabolomic Signatures in the Context of HIV Exposure"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Tianyue","family":"Fu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ellen C.","family":"Francis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carolyn","family":"Kinkade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9504-7925","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rhoda S.","family":"Sperling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yunping","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Irwin J.","family":"Kurland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Fleischer Institute for Diabetes and Metabolism, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Jao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2944-3406","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Shiau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Rutgers School of Public Health, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiac501","article-title":"Unique Profile of Inflammation and Immune Activation in Pregnant People with HIV in the United States","volume":"227","author":"Shiau","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. 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