{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T01:28:52Z","timestamp":1790386132158,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":155,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]],"date-time":"2025-11-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764288000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recently, a growing interest has been focused to the role of vitamin C in chronic diseases. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and the Metabolic Syndrome are complex, chronic disorders intrinsically linked by a common underlying element, such as chronic low-grade inflammation and excessive oxidative stress. Vitamin C, or ascorbic acid, is an essential water-soluble micronutrient and a highly potent non-enzymatic antioxidant that is critical for scavenging reactive oxygen species and maintaining cellular redox balance. It represents a cofactor for many enzymes, being involved in many biological functions, such as normal immune system functioning, catecholamine metabolism, dietary iron absorption, and collagen biosynthesis. Individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome frequently exhibit lower circulating and dietary vitamin C levels compared to healthy controls, a deficiency that may be associated with disease-related inflammation and higher body weight. In this sense, it has been shown that vitamin C improves skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity in experimental settings and modulates critical functions like vascular endothelial health. However, this potential is challenged by the fact that chronic hyperglycemia can interfere with the active cellular uptake and transport of vitamin C, potentially leading to relative intracellular deficiency in diabetic patients regardless of intake. It is interesting to note that different studies have demonstrated an inverse relationship between vitamin C concentrations and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Vitamin C supplementation in people with diabetes and metabolic syndrome has controversial effects. While several studies indicate a significant reduction in fasting blood glucose or HbA1c, others revealed no significant effect on insulin resistance. This review aims to explore the pathophysiological role and therapeutic potential of vitamin C in type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15120773","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T18:42:02Z","timestamp":1764960122000},"page":"773","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Pathophysiological Role and Therapeutic Potential of Vitamin C in Metabolic Syndrome and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2662-8931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christiano","family":"Argano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, National Relevance and High Specialization Hospital Trust, ARNAS Civico, Di Cristina, Benfratelli, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Orlando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties [PROMISE], Univeristy of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalila","family":"Maggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties [PROMISE], Univeristy of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Pollicino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties [PROMISE], Univeristy of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties [PROMISE], Univeristy of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Virginia","family":"Cangialosi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties [PROMISE], Univeristy of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefania","family":"Biscaglia Manno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties [PROMISE], Univeristy of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5621-1374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salvatore","family":"Corrao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, National Relevance and High Specialization Hospital Trust, ARNAS Civico, Di Cristina, Benfratelli, 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Health Promotion Sciences, Maternal and Infant Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties [PROMISE], Univeristy of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2014.29","article-title":"Insulin Resistance and Hyperglycaemia in Cardiovascular Disease Development","volume":"10","author":"Laakso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01301-6","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Burden of Diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with Projections of Prevalence to 2050: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"402","author":"Ong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Argano, C., Natoli, G., Mularo, S., Nobili, A., Monaco, M.L., Mannucci, P.M., Perticone, F., Pietrangelo, A., and Corrao, S. (2022). Impact of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Comorbidities on Elderly Patients Hospitalized in Internal Medicine Wards: Data from the RePoSi Registry. Healthcare, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/healthcare10010086"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3502","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.3502","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Diseases: Going beyond Traditional Risk Factors","volume":"38","author":"Barbalho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-9136(199807)15:7<539::AID-DIA668>3.0.CO;2-S","article-title":"Part 1: Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus. Provisional Report of a WHO Consultation","volume":"15","author":"Alberti","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.12980\/jclm.4.2016J6-102","article-title":"Assesment of Diabetes Related Quality of Life and the Impact of Pharmaceutical Care in Its Improvement","volume":"4","author":"Faizal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Coast. Life Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61794-3","article-title":"The Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"375","author":"Eckel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e000372","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjmed-2022-000372","article-title":"Advances in the Management of Type 2 Diabetes in Adults","volume":"2","author":"Galindo","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Med."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e076410","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2023-076410","article-title":"Comparative Effectiveness of GLP-1 Receptor Agonists on Glycaemic Control, Body Weight, and Lipid Profile for Type 2 Diabetes: Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"384","author":"Yao","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2410819","article-title":"Tirzepatide for Obesity Treatment and Diabetes Prevention","volume":"392","author":"Jastreboff","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corrao, S., Pollicino, C., Maggio, D., Torres, A., and Argano, C. (2024). Tirzepatide against Obesity and Insulin-Resistance: Pathophysiological Aspects and Clinical Evidence. Front. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1402583"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2219","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2025845","article-title":"Effect of Finerenone on Chronic Kidney Disease Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"383","author":"Bakris","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2410659","article-title":"Finerenone with Empagliflozin in Chronic Kidney Disease and Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"393","author":"Agarwal","year":"2025","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2420724","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.20724","article-title":"Patient Out-of-Pocket Costs for Type 2 Diabetes Medications When Aging Into Medicare","volume":"7","author":"Barthold","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04634","article-title":"Reactive Oxygen Species Have a Causal Role in Multiple Forms of Insulin Resistance","volume":"440","author":"Houstis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1038\/414813a","article-title":"Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology of Diabetic Complications","volume":"414","author":"Brownlee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1159\/000447434","article-title":"Markers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in the Development and Progression of Renal Disease in Diabetic Patients","volume":"133","author":"Hojs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nephron"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-019-0437-7","article-title":"The Effect of Curcumin Supplementation on Anthropometric Indices, Insulin Resistance and Oxidative Stress in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial","volume":"11","author":"Hodaei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13571","article-title":"Ascorbic Acid Supplementation Improves Postprandial Glycaemic Control and Blood Pressure in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: Findings of a Randomized Cross-over Trial","volume":"21","author":"Mason","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes. Metab."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1995.10718526","article-title":"Metabolic Benefits Deriving from Chronic Vitamin C Supplementation in Aged Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetics","volume":"14","author":"Paolisso","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-017-1098-3","article-title":"The effects of resveratrol on markers of oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"55","author":"Seyyedebrahimi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.11.011","article-title":"The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Oxidative Stress Parameters: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials","volume":"139","author":"Sepidarkish","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corrao, S., Mallaci Bocchio, R., Lo Monaco, M., Natoli, G., Cavezzi, A., Troiani, E., and Argano, C. (2021). Does Evidence Exist to Blunt Inflammatory Response by Nutraceutical Supplementation during COVID-19 Pandemic? An Overview of Systematic Reviews of Vitamin D, Vitamin C, Melatonin, and Zinc. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041261"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Argano, C., Mallaci Bocchio, R., Lo Monaco, M., Scibetta, S., Natoli, G., Cavezzi, A., Troiani, E., and Corrao, S. (2022). An Overview of Systematic Reviews of the Role of Vitamin D on Inflammation in Patients with Diabetes and the Potentiality of Its Application on Diabetic Patients with COVID-19. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052873"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2006.05607.x","article-title":"Vitamin C. Biosynthesis, Recycling and Degradation in Mammals","volume":"274","author":"Linster","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.11643","article-title":"Is High-Dose Vitamin C Beneficial for Patients with Sepsis?","volume":"322","author":"Brant","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.11.036","article-title":"Hydrocortisone, Vitamin C, and Thiamine for the Treatment of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock: A Retrospective Before-After Study","volume":"151","author":"Marik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172889","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2019.172889","article-title":"Efficacy of Vitamin C in Patients with Sepsis: An Updated Meta-Analysis","volume":"868","author":"Wei","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-12-32","article-title":"Phase I Safety Trial of Intravenous Ascorbic Acid in Patients with Severe Sepsis","volume":"12","author":"Fowler","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.11825","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin C Infusion on Organ Failure and Biomarkers of Inflammation and Vascular Injury in Patients with Sepsis and Severe Acute Respiratory Failure: The CITRIS-ALI Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"322","author":"Fowler","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corrao, S., Raspanti, M., Agugliaro, F., Gervasi, F., Di Bernardo, F., Natoli, G., and Argano, C. (2024). Safety of High-Dose Vitamin C in Non-Intensive Care Hospitalized Patients with COVID-19: An Open-Label Clinical Study. J. Clin. Med., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13133987"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050312118807615","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312118807615","article-title":"Vitamin C Supplementation in the Critically Ill: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"6","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2017.24","article-title":"Effects of Vitamin C Supplementation on Glycaemic Control: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials","volume":"71","author":"Ashor","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.111.027995","article-title":"Effects of Vitamin C Supplementation on Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"95","author":"Juraschek","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2014.04.004","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin C on Endothelial Function in Health and Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials","volume":"235","author":"Ashor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-1893","article-title":"Effects of Vitamin C Supplementation on Glycemic Control and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in People with Type 2 Diabetes: A GRADE-Assessed Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"44","author":"Mason","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2346","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.9.2346","article-title":"The Metabolic Syndrome and Antioxidant Concentrations","volume":"52","author":"Ford","year":"2003","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.3346\/jkms.2017.32.9.1474","article-title":"Carbohydrate Intake Exhibited a Positive Association with the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Both Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaires and 24-Hour Recall in Women","volume":"32","author":"Ahn","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Korean Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, H., Ding, J., Liu, Q., Li, Y., Liang, J., and Zhang, Y. (2021). Vitamin C and Metabolic Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Front. Nutr., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.728880"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shrestha, D.B., Budhathoki, P., Sedhai, Y.R., Mandal, S.K., Shikhrakar, S., Karki, S., Baniya, R.K., Kashiouris, M.G., Qiao, X., and Fowler, A.A. (2021). Vitamin C in Critically Ill Patients: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-766215\/v1"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.3945\/an.113.005157","article-title":"Vitamin C","volume":"5","author":"Lykkesfeldt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H425","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00689.2008","article-title":"Vascular Endothelial Dysfunction with Aging: Endothelin-1 and Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase","volume":"297","author":"Donato","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.afnr.2017.11.006","article-title":"Dietary Vitamin C in Human Health","volume":"Volume 83","author":"Granger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Advances in Food and Nutrition Research"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbcan.2012.06.003","article-title":"Ascorbic Acid: Chemistry, Biology and the Treatment of Cancer","volume":"1826","author":"Du","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14975","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M312548200","article-title":"Human Erythrocyte Recycling of Ascorbic Acid","volume":"279","author":"May","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nutr.25.050304.092647","article-title":"Regulation of Vitamin C transport","volume":"25","author":"Wilson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lykkesfeldt, J. (2020). On the Effect of Vitamin C Intake on Human Health: How to (Mis)Interprete the Clinical Evidence. Redox Biol., 34.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2020.101532"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/09687680110033774","article-title":"Vitamin C Transport Systems of Mammalian Cells","volume":"18","author":"Liang","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Membr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.1929","article-title":"Human Vitamin C (l-Ascorbic Acid) Transporter SVCT1","volume":"267","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G340","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00369.2016","article-title":"Molecular Mechanism(s) Involved in Differential Expression of Vitamin C Transporters along the Intestinal Tract","volume":"312","author":"Subramanian","year":"2017","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-nutr-071812-161246","article-title":"Human Genetic Variation Influences Vitamin C Homeostasis by Altering Vitamin C Transport and Antioxidant Enzyme Function","volume":"33","author":"Michels","year":"2013","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-2199-9_6","article-title":"Vitamin C Transport and Its Role in the Central Nervous System","volume":"Volume 56","author":"Stanger","year":"2012","journal-title":"Water Soluble Vitamins"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2008.12.018","article-title":"Vitamin C Function in the Brain: Vital Role of the Ascorbate Transporter SVCT2","volume":"46","author":"Harrison","year":"2009","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1539","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515000690","article-title":"Distribution of Vitamin C Is Tissue Specific with Early Saturation of the Brain and Adrenal Glands Following Differential Oral Dose Regimens in Guinea Pigs","volume":"113","author":"Hasselholt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3704","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.8.3704","article-title":"Vitamin C Pharmacokinetics in Healthy Volunteers: Evidence for a Recommended Dietary Allowance","volume":"93","author":"Levine","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqac063","article-title":"Abnormal Urinary Loss of Vitamin C in Diabetes: Prevalence and Clinical Characteristics of a Vitamin C Renal Leak","volume":"116","author":"Ebenuwa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-020-04662-9","article-title":"Vitamin C Deficiency and Impact of Vitamin C Administration among Pediatric Patients with Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"36","author":"Hongsawong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lykkesfeldt, J., and Tveden-Nyborg, P. (2019). The Pharmacokinetics of Vitamin C. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11102412"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.13.9.1007","article-title":"Does Vitamin C Act as a Pro-oxidant under Physiological Conditions?","volume":"13","author":"Carr","year":"1999","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2009.00282.x","article-title":"Vitamin C: Update on Physiology and Pharmacology","volume":"157","author":"Mandl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.nu.06.070186.002053","article-title":"The Biochemical Functions of Ascorbic Acid","volume":"6","author":"Englard","year":"1986","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berretta, M., Quagliariello, V., Maurea, N., Di Francia, R., Sharifi, S., Facchini, G., Rinaldi, L., Piezzo, M., Manuela, C., and Nunnari, G. (2020). Multiple Effects of Ascorbic Acid against Chronic Diseases: Updated Evidence from Preclinical and Clinical Studies. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9121182"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.1575","article-title":"Protective Effects of Ascorbic Acid on Hepatotoxicity and Oxidative Stress Caused by Carbon Tetrachloride in the Liver of Wistar Rats","volume":"27","author":"Ozturk","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.12.006","article-title":"Oxidative Stress, Insulin Signaling, and Diabetes","volume":"50","author":"Rains","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.12.005","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and the Etiology of Insulin Resistance and Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"51","author":"Henriksen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.1996.tb03932.x","article-title":"Does Diabetes Mellitus Increase the Requirement for Vitamin C?","volume":"54","author":"Will","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.01.006","article-title":"Ascorbic Acid Supplementation Improves Skeletal Muscle Oxidative Stress and Insulin Sensitivity in People with Type 2 Diabetes: Findings of a Randomized Controlled Study","volume":"93","author":"Mason","year":"2016","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.12534","article-title":"Effect of Vitamins C and E on Insulin Resistance in Diabetes: A Meta-analysis Study","volume":"45","author":"Khodaeian","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fong, C., Alesi, S., Mousa, A., Moran, L.J., Deed, G., Grant, S., Tapia, K., and Ee, C. (2022). Efficacy and Safety of Nutrient Supplements for Glycaemic Control and Insulin Resistance in Type 2 Diabetes: An Umbrella Review and Hierarchical Evidence Synthesis. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202205.0100.v1"},{"key":"ref_70","first-page":"118","article-title":"Effects of Water-Soluble Vitamins on Glycemic Control and Insulin Resistance in Adult Type 2 Diabetes: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses","volume":"34","author":"Chai","year":"2025","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"IDF Diabetes Atlas 2025 (2025, November 20). Diabetes Atlas. Available online: https:\/\/diabetesatlas.org\/resources\/idf-diabetes-atlas-2025\/."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1159\/000371628","article-title":"Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Macrosomia: A Literature Review","volume":"66","author":"Kc","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-3985-5","article-title":"Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Long-Term Consequences for Mother and Offspring: A View from Denmark","volume":"59","author":"Damm","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sies, H. (2020). Oxidative Stress: Concept and Some Practical Aspects. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9090852"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2005.10.044","article-title":"Redox Modifications of Protein-Thiols: Emerging Roles in Cell Signaling","volume":"71","author":"Biswas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.4161\/cam.3.1.7402","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer Disease","volume":"3","author":"Gella","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cell Adhes. Migr."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Senoner, T., and Dichtl, W. (2019). Oxidative Stress in Cardiovascular Diseases: Still a Therapeutic Target?. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11092090"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2010.09.006","article-title":"Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Cancer: How Are They Linked?","volume":"49","author":"Reuter","year":"2010","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2022.12.003","article-title":"Vitamin C Supplementation for Diabetes Management: A Comprehensive Narrative Review","volume":"194","author":"Mason","year":"2023","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"264","article-title":"Increased Lipid Peroxidation in Type 2 Poorly Controlled Diabetic Patients","volume":"18","author":"Altomare","year":"1992","journal-title":"Diabete Metab."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0041-1730751","article-title":"Low Plasma Ascorbate Levels in Type 2 Diabetic Patients With Adequate Dietary Vitamin C","volume":"13","author":"Bansal","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Lab. Physicians"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wilson, R., Willis, J., Gearry, R., Skidmore, P., Fleming, E., Frampton, C., and Carr, A. (2017). Inadequate Vitamin C Status in Prediabetes and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Associations with Glycaemic Control, Obesity, and Smoking. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9090997"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carr, A.C., Lunt, H., Wareham, N.J., and Myint, P.K. (2023). Estimating Vitamin C Intake Requirements in Diabetes Mellitus: Analysis of NHANES 2017\u20132018 and EPIC-Norfolk Cohorts. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202309.1867.v1"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2024.100211","article-title":"Vitamins C, E, and \u03b2-Carotene and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"15","author":"Lampousi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-05028-z","article-title":"Plasma Ascorbic Acid and the Risk of Islet Autoimmunity and Type 1 Diabetes: The TEDDY Study","volume":"63","author":"Mattila","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2004.07.032","article-title":"Ascorbic Acid Recycling by Cultured Beta Cells: Effects of Increased Glucose Metabolism","volume":"37","author":"Steffner","year":"2004","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1302","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.300.6735.1302","article-title":"Dietary Factors and the Risk of Developing Insulin Dependent Diabetes in Childhood","volume":"300","author":"Dahlquist","year":"1990","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2023.102824","article-title":"The Effects of Vitamin C Supplementation on Glycemic Control in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"17","author":"Nosratabadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Clin. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, C., Yang, H., Geng, Q., Ma, Q., Long, Y., Zhou, C., and Chen, M. (2015). Association of Oxidative Stress Biomarkers with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnant Women: A Case-Control Study. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126490"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101098","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2022.101098","article-title":"The Influence of the Dietary Exposome on Oxidative Stress in Pregnancy Complications","volume":"87","author":"Prins","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Asp. Med."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34740","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000034740","article-title":"A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis on the Association between Vitamin C Intake and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Insights and Novel Perspectives","volume":"102","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2015.05.010","article-title":"Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Status in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Diagnosed by IADPSG Criteria","volume":"109","author":"Shang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1038\/jp.2013.143","article-title":"IADPSG Criteria for Diagnosing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Predicting Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes","volume":"34","author":"Shang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carr, A.C., Spencer, E., Heenan, H., Lunt, H., Vollebregt, M., and Prickett, T.C.R. (2022). Vitamin C Status in People with Types 1 and 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Varying Degrees of Renal Dysfunction: Relationship to Body Weight. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11020245"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u0119dzierska-Kapuza, K., Szczuko, U., Stoli\u0144ska, H., Bakaloudi, D.R., Wierzba, W., and Szczuko, M. (2023). Demand for Water-Soluble Vitamins in a Group of Patients with CKD versus Interventions and Supplementation\u2014A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15040860"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2012.07.002","article-title":"Adverse Myocardial Effects of B-Vitamin Therapy in Subjects with Chronic Kidney Disease and Hyperhomocysteinaemia","volume":"23","author":"Rafeq","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"1","article-title":"Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) CKD Work Group. KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"3","author":"Levin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney Int. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13351","DOI":"10.5812\/numonthly.13351","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin C Supplementation on C-reactive Protein Levels in Patients Undergoing Hemodialysis: A Randomized, Double Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study","volume":"6","author":"Biniaz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nephro-Urol. Mon."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-016-1309-9","article-title":"Oral Vitamin C Supplementation Reduces Erythropoietin Requirement in Hemodialysis Patients with Functional Iron Deficiency","volume":"48","author":"Sultana","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. Urol. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nahas, A.R.M.F., Al Zarzour, R.H., Abu Laila, A.S.M., Tabash, A.M., Abu Mustafa, A.M., Allyan, F.M., Elregeb, A.M., Teior, E.E.M.A., Al-Shami, A.M., and Elnaem, M.H. (2022). Effect of B12 Supplementation on Renal Anemia among Hemodialysis Patients at El-Najar Hospital, Gaza Strip. J. Ren. Inj. Prev.","DOI":"10.34172\/jrip.2022.32009"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2164","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2015040369","article-title":"Ketoanalogue-Supplemented Vegetarian Very Low-Protein Diet and CKD Progression","volume":"27","author":"Garneata","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.4103\/0971-4065.98751","article-title":"The Effect of Niacin on Serum Phosphorus Levels in Dialysis Patients","volume":"22","author":"Zameni","year":"2012","journal-title":"Indian J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2004.00482.x","article-title":"Nicotinamide Suppresses Hyperphosphatemia in Hemodialysis Patients","volume":"65","author":"Takahashi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1089\/wound.2019.0973","article-title":"Micronutrient Status in Diabetic Patients with Foot Ulcers","volume":"9","author":"Pena","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Wound Care"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/wrr.12701","article-title":"The Effects of Magnesium and Vitamin E Co-supplementation on Wound Healing and Metabolic Status in Patients with Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Randomized, Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Trial","volume":"27","author":"Afzali","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wound Repair. Regen."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2134","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-1117","article-title":"Mediterranean Diet, Retinopathy, Nephropathy, and Microvascular Diabetes Complications: A Post Hoc Analysis of a Randomized Trial","volume":"38","author":"Babio","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rondanelli, M., Gasparri, C., Riva, A., Petrangolini, G., Barrile, G.C., Cavioni, A., Razza, C., Tartara, A., and Perna, S. (2023). Diet and Ideal Food Pyramid to Prevent or Support the Treatment of Diabetic Retinopathy, Age-Related Macular Degeneration, and Cataracts. Front. Med., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2023.1168560"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 Research Group (2013). Lutein + Zeaxanthin and Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: The Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2) Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA, 309, 2005\u20132015.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2013.4997"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2016.03.011","article-title":"Watch out for Diabetes: Less Education but Let\u2019s Get Moving, Let\u2019s Eat Less!","volume":"32","author":"Argano","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corrao, S., Cerasola, D., Lucini, D., and Argano, C. (2025). Ageing, clinical complexity, and exercise therapy: A multidimensional approach. Front. Sports Act Living, 6, Erratum in Front. Sports Act Living 2025, 7, 1602307.","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2024.1422222"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1640","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.192644","article-title":"Harmonizing the Metabolic Syndrome: A Joint Interim Statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity","volume":"120","author":"Alberti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bilbis, L.S., Muhammad, S.A., Saidu, Y., and Adamu, Y. (2012). Effect of Vitamins a, C, and e Supplementation in the Treatment of Metabolic Syndrome in Albino Rats. Biochem. Res. Int., 2012.","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/678582"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2010.05189.x","article-title":"Ascorbate Improves Metabolic Abnormalities in Wrn Mutant Mice but Not the Free Radical Scavenger Catechin","volume":"1197","author":"Lebel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2015.06.013","article-title":"Quantitative Combination of Natural Anti-Oxidants Prevents Metabolic Syndrome by Reducing Oxidative Stress","volume":"6","author":"Gao","year":"2015","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2014.05.011","article-title":"Effects of Total Vitamin A, Vitamin C, and Fruit Intake on Risk for Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Women and Men","volume":"31","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1693","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.112.160416","article-title":"Serum Antioxidant Concentrations and Metabolic Syndrome Are Associated among U.S. Adolescents in Recent National Surveys","volume":"142","author":"Beydoun","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.puhe.2016.01.002","article-title":"Physical Activity, Dietary Vitamin C, and Metabolic Syndrome in the Korean Adults: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008 to 2012","volume":"135","author":"Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Public Health"},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"60","article-title":"Serum and Dietary Antioxidant Status Is Associated with Lower Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in a Study in Shanghai, China","volume":"22","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-019-05305-7","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Indicators in Chinese Women with PCOS and Correlation with Features of Metabolic Syndrome and Dependency on Lipid Patterns","volume":"300","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.3126\/kumj.v8i4.6236","article-title":"Evaluation of Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidants\u2019 Status in Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"8","author":"Shrestha","year":"2010","journal-title":"Kathmandu Univ. Med. J. (KUMJ)"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yclnex.2019.05.003","article-title":"Effects of Vitamin C Supplementation with and without Endurance Physical Activity on Components of Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"26","author":"Farag","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. Exp."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnim.2019.100101","article-title":"Orange Juice Associated with a Balanced Diet Mitigated Risk Factors of Metabolic Syndrome: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"17","author":"Ponce","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Intermed. Metab."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.2009.27635","article-title":"Effects of Long-Term Antioxidant Supplementation and Association of Serum Antioxidant Concentrations with Risk of Metabolic Syndrome in Adults","volume":"90","author":"Czernichow","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.2003.10719272","article-title":"Vitamin C as an Antioxidant: Evaluation of Its Role in Disease Prevention","volume":"22","author":"Padayatty","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.47103","article-title":"Vitamin C: A Review on Its Role in the Management of Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"17","author":"Wong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1472-8206.2009.00666.x","article-title":"Evaluation of DNA Damage and Metabolic Syndrome Parameters in Diabetic Rabbits Supplemented with Antioxidants","volume":"23","author":"Jain","year":"2009","journal-title":"Fundam. Clin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1089\/met.2018.0080","article-title":"The Association Between Metabolic Syndrome and Serum Concentrations of Micronutrients, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress Outside of the Clinical Reference Ranges: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"17","author":"Kanagasabai","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carr, A.C., and Maggini, S. (2017). Vitamin C and Immune Function. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9111211"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19274","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000019274","article-title":"Effects of Vitamin C Supplementation on Essential Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"99","author":"Guan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"De Paula, T.P., Kramer, C.K., Viana, L.V., and Azevedo, M.J. (2017). Effects of Individual Micronutrients on Blood Pressure in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. Sci. Rep., 7.","DOI":"10.1038\/srep40751"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-4933-5-4","article-title":"Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene Polymorphisms and Cardiovascular Damage in Hypertensive Subjects: An Italian Case-Control Study","volume":"5","author":"Colomba","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immun. Ageing"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105665","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105665","article-title":"Does Vitamin C Supplementation Exert Profitable Effects on Serum Lipid Profile in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes? A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis","volume":"169","author":"Namkhah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.2006.035147","article-title":"Human Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Molecules","volume":"93","author":"Durrington","year":"2008","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2015.05.021","article-title":"Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials Testing the Effects of Vitamin C Supplementation on Blood Lipids","volume":"35","author":"Ashor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-008-1101-1","article-title":"Molecular Detection of Exercise-Induced Free Radicals Following Ascorbate Prophylaxis in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Randomised Controlled Trial","volume":"51","author":"Davison","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2005.01767.x","article-title":"Prolonged Deterioration of Endothelial Dysfunction in Response to Postprandial Lipaemia Is Attenuated by Vitamin C in Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Anderson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabet. Med."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dludla, P.V., Nkambule, B.B., Nyambuya, T.M., Ziqubu, K., Mabhida, S.E., Mxinwa, V., Mokgalaboni, K., Ndevahoma, F., Hanser, S., and Mazibuko-Mbeje, S.E. (2022). Vitamin C Intake Potentially Lowers Total Cholesterol to Improve Endothelial Function in Diabetic Patients at Increased Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1011002"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.1997.0145","article-title":"Vitamin C Intake and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in Persons with Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus. From the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study and the San Luis Valley Diabetes Study","volume":"26","author":"Monaco","year":"1997","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.3109\/00365519509075378","article-title":"Unchanged Renal Haemodynamics Following High Dose Ascorbic Acid Administration in Normoalbuminuric IDDM Patients","volume":"55","author":"Klein","year":"1995","journal-title":"Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-017-0314-7","article-title":"Obesity, Cardiovascular Disease, and Role of Vitamin C on Inflammation: A Review of Facts and Underlying Mechanisms","volume":"25","author":"Ellulu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schmidt, F.M., Weschenfelder, J., Sander, C., Minkwitz, J., Thormann, J., Chittka, T., Mergl, R., Kirkby, K.C., Fa\u00dfhauer, M., and Stumvoll, M. (2015). Inflammatory Cytokines in General and Central Obesity and Modulating Effects of Physical Activity. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121971"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gonzalo-Encabo, P., Maldonado, G., Valad\u00e9s, D., Ferragut, C., and P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez, A. (2021). The Role of Exercise Training on Low-Grade Systemic Inflammation in Adults with Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182413258"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1097\/WNN.0000000000000206","article-title":"Inflammation and Cognitive Function in Overweight and Obese Chinese Individuals","volume":"32","author":"Fan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cogn. Behav. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101733","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2023.101733","article-title":"The Association between Vitamin C Dietary Intake and Its Serum Levels with Anthropometric Indices: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"51","author":"Yazdi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114507659017","article-title":"Plasma Concentrations of Carotenoids and Vitamin C Are Better Correlated with Dietary Intake in Normal Weight than Overweight and Obese Elderly Subjects","volume":"97","author":"Vioque","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-7075-9-59","article-title":"Zinc, Vitamin A, and Vitamin C Status Are Associated with Leptin Concentrations and Obesity in Mexican Women: Results from a Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"9","author":"Ronquillo","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soard.2008.06.007","article-title":"Ascorbic Acid Deficiency in Bariatric Surgical Population","volume":"5","author":"Riess","year":"2009","journal-title":"Surg. Obes. Relat. Dis."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602230","article-title":"Serum Concentrations of \u03b2-Carotene, Vitamins C and E, Zinc and Selenium Are Influenced by Sex, Age, Diet, Smoking Status, Alcohol Consumption and Corpulence in a General French Adult Population","volume":"59","author":"Galan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vlasiuk, E., Zawari, M., Whitehead, R., Williman, J., and Carr, A.C. (2024). A High Vitamin C Micronutrient Supplement Is Unable to Attenuate Inflammation in People with Metabolic Syndrome but May Improve Metabolic Health Indices: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Antioxidants, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox13040404"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1186\/s12933-017-0584-9","article-title":"Combined Effect of Metformin with Ascorbic Acid versus Acetyl Salicylic Acid on Diabetes-Related Cardiovascular Complication; a 12-Month Single Blind Multicenter Randomized Control Trial","volume":"16","author":"Gillani","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toffalini, A., Vigolo, N., Rolli, N., Paviati, E., Gelati, M., Danese, E., and Zoppini, G. (2025). Association of Low Vitamin C Concentrations and Low Consumption of Fresh Fruit and Vegetables with Cardiovascular Disease in Type 2 Diabetes. BMC Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40795-025-01049-7"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.09.048","article-title":"Micronutrient Supplementation to Reduce Cardiovascular Risk","volume":"80","author":"An","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2020.09.619","article-title":"Supplemental Vitamins and Minerals for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment","volume":"77","author":"Jenkins","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurian, S.J., Baral, T., Unnikrishnan, M.K., Benson, R., Munisamy, M., Saravu, K., Rodrigues, G.S., Rao, M., Kumar, A., and Miraj, S.S. (2023). The Association between Micronutrient Levels and Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1152854"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shah, J., Cheong, Z.Y., Tan, B., Wong, D., Liu, X., and Chua, J. (2022). Dietary Intake and Diabetic Retinopathy: A Systematic Review of the Literature. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14235021"}],"container-title":["Metabolites"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/15\/12\/773\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T19:07:47Z","timestamp":1764961667000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/15\/12\/773"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]},"references-count":155,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["metabo15120773"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo15120773","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-1989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-1989","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,28]]}}}