{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T11:51:19Z","timestamp":1788522679807,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764460800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Deanship of Graduate Studies and Scientific Research at Jouf University","award":["DGSSR-2023-01-02422"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGSSR-2023-01-02422"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) has significantly increased in Saudi Arabia, rising from 16.8% in 2018 to 28% in 2023. This study aimed to identify and quantify the key biochemical factors associated with T2DM patients in the Aljouf region by comparing a comprehensive panel of biomarkers between T2DM and healthy individuals and to identify key risk factors in the regional population. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted by enrolling 114 T2DM patients and 91 healthy controls recruited from tertiary care centers in the Aljouf region, Saudi Arabia. We analyzed lipid profiles, vitamin levels (B12 and D), liver profile, and renal function markers. Statistical analyses included independent t-test, Pearson\u2019s correlation, and binary logistic regression to calculate the Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results: T2DM patients showed significantly altered metabolic profiles including elevated triglycerides (p = 0.041), LDL cholesterol (p = 0.017), and serum uric acid (p &lt; 0.001) in addition to deficient levels of vitamin B12 (p &lt; 0.001) and vitamin D (p &lt; 0.001). In logistic regression analysis, hyperuricemia (OR = 4.85, 95% CI: 2.45\u20139.61) and vitamin D deficiency (OR = 3.62, 95% CI: 1.98\u20136.62) were the strongest independent predictors of T2DM, after adjusting for potential confounders. Conclusions: Our findings confirm a distinct biochemical phenotype in T2DM patients from the Aljouf region. The potent associations of hyperuricemia and vitamin D deficiency with T2DM suggest their utility as key biomarkers providing a regional context. These findings highlight their potential relevance for prioritizing public health and clinical interventions in the studied population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15120776","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,5]],"date-time":"2025-12-05T18:42:02Z","timestamp":1764960122000},"page":"776","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Distinct Circulating Biomarker Profiles Associated with Type 2 Diabetes in a Regional Cohort\u2014A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6839-8866","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdullah","family":"Alsrhani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8921-4376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muhammad","family":"Atif","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4631-2769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aisha","family":"Farhana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jouf University, Sakaka 72388, Saudi Arabia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34021","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000034021","article-title":"Prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and related factors among the general adult population in Saudi Arabia between 2016-2022: A systematic review and meta-analysis of the cross-sectional studies","volume":"102","author":"Alwadeai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balooch Hasankhani, M., Mirzaei, H., and Karamoozian, A. 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