{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T03:24:53Z","timestamp":1787369093710,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766016000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public Welfare Research Institutes","award":["ZZ17-ND-12"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZZ17-ND-12"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public Welfare Research Institutes","award":["ZZ17-XRZ-123"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZZ17-XRZ-123"]}]},{"name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Public Welfare Research Institutes","award":["ZZ18-YQ-059"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZZ18-YQ-059"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation Project of Jiangxi Province","award":["20242BAB20453"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20242BAB20453"]}]},{"name":"Major Science and Technology Research and Development Special Enterprise Demand Projects of Jiangxi Province","award":["20233AAE02011"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20233AAE02011"]}]},{"name":"General Project of Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province","award":["2024NSFSC0697"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024NSFSC0697"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation Project of Jiangxi Province"},{"name":"General Project of Natural Science Foundation of Sichuan Province"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Drynaria roosii is a typically epiphytic fern characterized by the intriguing phenomenon that nest leaves (NLs) and sporotrophophyll leaves (SLs) are metatypical, with NLs persisting in a hardened form. Few reports have concentrated on the physiological characteristics of these two leaf types and the metabolite differences in their associated rhizomes (NRs and ORs). Methods: A comparative analysis of the two leaf types and their connected rhizomes was conducted based on photosynthetic parameters, leaf ultrastructure, Illumina HiSeqTM 2000 transcriptome sequencing, widely targeted metabolomics, and the spatial distribution of flavonoid components. Results: The results indicated that SLs exhibited significant advantages in photosynthetic parameters, with a net photosynthetic rate exceeding that of NLs by 228%. A total of 7236 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between SLs and NLs, with the majority of DEGs involved in developmental processes (491 DEGs), stress response (420 DEGs), and responses to abiotic stimuli (337 DEGs). A total of 1409 components were detected and authenticated, revealing that ORs contained relatively high levels of flavonoids, quinones, tannins, alkaloids, terpenoids, and vitamins. Furthermore, the spatial distribution of flavonoid components indicated a dispersive distribution in both NRs and ORs. Conclusions: This comprehensive study of NLs and SLs, along with their connected rhizomes, provides vital reference for scientific cultivation management and rational harvesting prior to medicinal use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15120805","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]],"date-time":"2025-12-18T13:45:07Z","timestamp":1766065507000},"page":"805","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Functional Dimorphism Analysis of Sporotrophophyll Leaves and Nest Leaves of Drynaria roosii with Their Connected Rhizomes Based on Multi-Omics Analysis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ye","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Chinese Materia Medica Resources, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Industry, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanchang 330115, China"},{"name":"Jiangxi Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Industry, Nanchang 330115, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Chinese Materia Medica Resources, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Industry, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanchang 330115, China"},{"name":"Jiangxi Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Industry, Nanchang 330115, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanlei","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Chinese Materia Medica Resources, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Industry, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanchang 330115, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoqing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Provincial Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang 330046, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Chinese Materia Medica Resources, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Industry, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanchang 330115, China"},{"name":"Jiangxi Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Industry, Nanchang 330115, China"},{"name":"Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5092-854X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiwen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Chinese Materia Medica Resources, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Industry, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanchang 330115, China"},{"name":"Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ye","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jiangxi Key Laboratory for Sustainable Utilization of Chinese Materia Medica Resources, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Industry, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Nanchang 330115, China"},{"name":"Jiangxi Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Industry, Nanchang 330115, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100594","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xplc.2023.100594","article-title":"Diel dynamics of multi-omics in elkhorn fern provide new insights into weak CAM photosynthesis","volume":"5","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Commun."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"156","article-title":"Crassulacean acid metabolism in the epiphytic fern Platycerium bifurcatum","volume":"1","author":"Rut","year":"2008","journal-title":"Photosynthetica"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"17","article-title":"A low ratio of red\/far-red in the light spectrum accelerates senescence in nest leaves of Platycerium bifurcatum","volume":"2","author":"Oliwa","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Biol. 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