{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T05:16:24Z","timestamp":1767071784524,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006400","name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Hidalgo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Number 2023-[Amp]-0080"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Number 2023-[Amp]-0080"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006400","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Vitamin D (VD) plays a central role in calcium homeostasis during pregnancy and has been implicated in redox-related biological processes. While VD deficiency (VDD) has been consistently associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, the relationships between VD insufficiency (VDI), maternal antioxidant-related biomarkers, and neonatal outcomes remain incompletely characterized, particularly during the third trimester. Objective: To determines the prevalence of VDI in third-trimester pregnant women and to examine its associations with antioxidant-related markers and selected neonatal outcomes. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant women in the third trimester attending a tertiary referral hospital in Mexico City. Maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) concentrations were measured, along with a panel of redox-related markers, including 2,2-diphenyl-2-2picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). Neonatal anthropometric parameters were recorded at birth. Associations between maternal VD status, redox-related markers, environmental factors, and neonatal outcomes were evaluated using appropriate statistical analyses. Results: A high prevalence of VDI was observed in the study population. Maternal VDI was associated with lower activities of GSH, GST, and GPx. Passive exposure to tobacco smoke and season of sampling were also associated with lower VD concentrations. Neonates born to women with VDI had higher birth weight compared with those born to women with sufficient VD concentrations. Maternal serum 25-OHD concentrations correlated positively with selected antioxidant enzyme activities. Conclusions: In this cohort of third-trimester pregnant women, VDI co-occurred with environmental factors, differences in maternal redox-related markers, and selected neonatal outcomes. These findings support an associative framework in which suboptimal VD status during the third trimester is accompanied by variations in redox-related markers. Longitudinal and mechanistic studies are needed to clarify the temporal sequence and biological relevance of these associations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo16010019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]],"date-time":"2025-12-24T14:27:51Z","timestamp":1766586471000},"page":"19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Maternal Vitamin D Status, Oxidative Stress, and Implications for Neonatal Development: A Cross-Sectional Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5797-7718","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tania","family":"Flores-Baz\u00e1n","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea Acad\u00e9mica de Enfermer\u00eda, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado Hidalgo, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepci\u00f3n S\/N, Carretera Pachuca-Actopan, San Agust\u00edn Tlaxiaca 42160, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jacqueline Scarlett","family":"Barreto-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Servicio de Ginecolog\u00eda y Obstetricia, Hospital Regional \u201cLic. Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos\u201d, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado (ISSSTE), Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 01030, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6628-4411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jos\u00e9","family":"Pedraza-Chaverri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8264-0412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar Noel","family":"Medina-Campos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Biolog\u00eda, Facultad de Qu\u00edmica, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 04510, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0759-3198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Araceli","family":"Casta\u00f1eda-Ovando","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea Acad\u00e9mica de Qu\u00edmica, Instituto de Ciencias B\u00e1sicas e Ingenier\u00eda, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Hidalgo, Carretera Pachuca, Tulancingo 42039, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2561-3693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeannett Alejandra","family":"Izquierdo-Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea Acad\u00e9mica de Medicina, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado de Hidalgo, Circuito Ex-Hacienda de la Concepci\u00f3n S\/N, Carretera Pachuca-Actopan, San Agust\u00edn Tlaxiaca 42160, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9369-8732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Diego","family":"Estrada-Luna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea Acad\u00e9mica de Enfermer\u00eda, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado Hidalgo, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepci\u00f3n S\/N, Carretera Pachuca-Actopan, San Agust\u00edn Tlaxiaca 42160, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2135-6175","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha Eunice","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Arellano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Medicina Gen\u00f3mica, Hospital Regional \u201cLic. Adolfo L\u00f3pez Mateos\u201d, Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de los Trabajadores del Estado, Ciudad de M\u00e9xico 01030, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5108-0205","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ang\u00e9lica Sara\u00ed","family":"Jim\u00e9nez-Osorio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u00c1rea Acad\u00e9mica de Enfermer\u00eda, Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma del Estado Hidalgo, Circuito Ex Hacienda La Concepci\u00f3n S\/N, Carretera Pachuca-Actopan, San Agust\u00edn Tlaxiaca 42160, M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olloqui-Mundet, M.J., Cavia, M.D.M., Alonso-Torre, S.R., and Carrillo, C. (2024). Dietary Habits and Nutritional Knowledge of Pregnant Women: The Importance of Nutrition Education. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13193189"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13802","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13802","article-title":"Nutrition during Pregnancy: Influence on the Gut Microbiome and Fetal Development","volume":"91","author":"Barrientos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.201000044","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency and Pregnancy: From Preconception to Birth","volume":"54","author":"Lewis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Nutr. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giourga, C., Papadopoulou, S.K., Voulgaridou, G., Karastogiannidou, C., Giaginis, C., and Pritsa, A. (2023). Vitamin D Deficiency as a Risk Factor of Preeclampsia during Pregnancy. Diseases, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases11040158"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2014.11.009","article-title":"Vitamin D Status in Early Pregnancy and Risk of Preeclampsia","volume":"212","author":"Achkar","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saluja, S., Sugathan, N., Krishnamurthy, R., and Jude, E.B. (2025). Impact of Vitamin D Deficiency on Gestational Diabetes and Pregnancy Outcomes Across Diverse Ethnic Groups: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17030565"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2012.05.022","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency in Pregnancy and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"207","author":"Burris","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e19367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e19367","article-title":"Maternal Vitamin D Deficiency in Early Pregnancy and Perinatal and Long-Term Outcomes","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.31083\/j.ceog4907158","article-title":"Association between Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes and Vitamin D Levels in Maternal Plasma and Umbilical Cord Blood of Newborns: A Prospective Study","volume":"49","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansur, J.L., Oliveri, B., Giacoia, E., Fusaro, D., and Costanzo, P.R. (2022). Vitamin D: Before, during and after Pregnancy: Effect on Neonates and Children. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14091900"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Amelia, C.Z., Gwan, C.H., Qi, T.S., and Seng, J.T.C. (2024). Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in early pregnancies\u2014A Singapore study. PLoS ONE, 19.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0300063"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt237","article-title":"Maternal Vitamin D Status and Spontaneous Preterm Birth by Placental Histology in the US Collaborative Perinatal Project","volume":"179","author":"Bodnar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-1479","article-title":"Maternal 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Parathyroid Hormone Concentrations and Offspring Birth Size","volume":"91","author":"Morley","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2022.05.009","article-title":"Vitamin D insufficiency, excessive weight gain, and insulin resistance during pregnancy","volume":"32","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2012). First-trimester maternal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 status and pregnancy outcome. Int. J. Gynecol. Obstet., 116, 6\u20139.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijgo.2011.07.029"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2012.18","article-title":"Effects of 25OHD Concentrations on Chances of Pregnancy and Pregnancy Outcomes: A Cohort Study in Healthy Danish Women","volume":"66","author":"Streym","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1356483","article-title":"Is Midtrimester Vitamin D Status Associated with Spontaneous Preterm Birth and Preeclampsia?","volume":"31","author":"Wetta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1038\/s41387-024-00296-0","article-title":"Effects of Vitamin D in Pregnancy on Maternal and Offspring Health-Related Outcomes: An Umbrella Review of Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses","volume":"14","author":"Chien","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2024.102968","article-title":"Determinants of Vitamin D Status in Healthy Young Adults from Mexico City","volume":"55","year":"2024","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1017\/S0029665121001944","article-title":"Iron, iodine and vitamin D deficiencies during pregnancy: Epidemiology, risk factors and developmental impacts","volume":"80","author":"Kiely","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Nutr. Soc."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, K., Dong, F., Ma, S., and Bu, Z. (2025). The Association between Vitamin D Deficiency and Clinical Pregnancy Rate in IVF Patients with Different Age. Front. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1485238"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnae009","article-title":"Consensus Statement on Vitamin D Status Assessment and Supplementation: Whys, Whens, and Hows","volume":"45","author":"Giustina","year":"2024","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wimalawansa, S.J. (2019). Vitamin D Deficiency: Effects on Oxidative Stress, Epigenetics, Gene Regulation, and Aging. Biology, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/biology8020030"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1177\/1753495X16648495","article-title":"Oxidative Stress in Pregnancy and Reproduction","volume":"9","author":"Duhig","year":"2016","journal-title":"Obstet. Med."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"6398520","article-title":"Association of Oxidative Stress on Pregnancy","volume":"2020","author":"Pietryga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1792","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2017.7462","article-title":"Glutathione Stimulates Vitamin D Regulatory and Glucose-Metabolism Genes, Lowers Oxidative Stress and Inflammation, and Increases 25-Hydroxy-Vitamin D Levels in Blood: A Novel Approach to Treat 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Deficiency","volume":"29","author":"Jain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbapap.2017.07.003","article-title":"Proteomics Analysis of Human Placenta Reveals Glutathione Metabolism Dysfunction as the Underlying Pathogenesis for Preeclampsia","volume":"1865","author":"Jin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta Proteins Proteom."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grzeszczak, K., \u0141anocha-Arendarczyk, N., Malinowski, W., Zi\u0119tek, P., and Kosik-Bogacka, D. (2023). Oxidative Stress in Pregnancy. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202310.1578.v1"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munteanu, I.G., and Apetrei, C. (2021). Analytical Methods Used in Determining Antioxidant Activity: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073380"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.11.011","article-title":"The effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Oxidative Stress Parameters: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials","volume":"139","author":"Sepidarkish","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Motamed, S., Anari, R., Motamed, S., and Amani, R. (2023). Vitamin D and Biomarkers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress among Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies. BMC Immunol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-023-00577-w"},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"World Medical Association (2025). WMA Declaration of Helsinki\u2014Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Participants, World Medical Association."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Flood-Nichols, S.K., Tinnemore, D., Huang, R.R., Napolitano, P.G., and Ippolito, D.L. (2015). Vitamin D Deficiency in Early Pregnancy. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0123763"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20170005","DOI":"10.1515\/hmbci-2017-0005","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency in Pregnancy at Term: Risk Factors and Pregnancy Outcomes","volume":"31","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Horm. Mol. Biol. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meija, L., Piskurjova, A., Nikolajeva, K., Aizbalte, O., Rezgale, R., Lejnieks, A., and Cauce, V. (2023). Vitamin D Intake and Serum Levels in Pregnant and Postpartum Women. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15153493"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1186\/s12958-024-01259-x","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Biomarkers in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review","volume":"22","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1258\/ebm.2010.009370","article-title":"Polyphenols Enhance Total Oxidant-Scavenging Capacities of Human Blood by Binding to Red Blood Cells","volume":"235","author":"Koren","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4437","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0201529","article-title":"High-Throughput Assay of Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity (ORAC) Using a Multichannel Liquid Handling System Coupled with a Microplate Fluorescence Reader in 96-Well Format","volume":"50","author":"Huang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3159","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2006.378","article-title":"Assay for Quantitative Determination of Glutathione and Glutathione Disulfide Levels Using Enzymatic Recycling Method","volume":"1","author":"Rahman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-291X(76)90747-6","article-title":"Glutathione Peroxidase Activity in Selenium-Deficient Rat Liver","volume":"71","author":"Lawrence","year":"1976","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7130","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)42083-8","article-title":"Glutathione S-Transferases: The First Enzymatic Step In Mercapturic Acid Formation","volume":"249","author":"Habig","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/2251-6581-12-19","article-title":"The Effect of Cigarette Smoke Exposure on Vitamin D Level and Biochemical Parameters of Mothers and Neonates","volume":"12","author":"Banihosseini","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Metab. Disord."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.2500\/aap.2018.39.4124","article-title":"Correlation between Vitamin D Serum Levels and Passive Smoking Exposure in Children with Asthma","volume":"39","author":"Chinellato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Proc."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.11.052","article-title":"Air pollution, environmental chemicals, and smoking may trigger vitamin D deficiency: Evidence and potential mechanisms","volume":"122","author":"Mousavi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83\u201388. 83\u201388","DOI":"10.1007\/s198-002-8342-9","article-title":"Relationships between Intestinal Calcium Absorption, Serum Vitamin D Metabolites and Smoking in Postmenopausal Women","volume":"13","author":"Need","year":"2002","journal-title":"Osteoporos. Int."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.32677\/IJCH.2018.v05.i09.012","article-title":"Cord Blood Vitamin D Levels in Newborns and Its Correlation with Anthropometric Indices of Baby: A Cross-Sectional Study","volume":"5","author":"Mohapatra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J. Child Health"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2116","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515003980","article-title":"Early pregnancy vitamin D status and risk for adverse maternal and infant outcomes in a bi-ethnic cohort: The Behaviors Affecting Baby and You (B.A.B.Y.) Study","volume":"114","author":"Nobles","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1040508","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency and Whole-Body and Femur Bone Mass Relative to Weight in Healthy Newborns","volume":"172","author":"Weiler","year":"2005","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1889","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2017.1331430","article-title":"Vitamin D Levels in Newborns and Association with Neonatal Hypocalcemia","volume":"31","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114509297236","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency in pregnant women: A longitudinal study","volume":"102","author":"Holmes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khanna, T., Shraim, R., Zarkovic, M., van Weele, M., van Geffen, J., and Zgaga, L. (2022). Comprehensive Analysis of Seasonal and Geographical Variation in UVB Radiation Relevant for Vitamin D Production in Europe. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14235189"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"e38578","article-title":"Benefits and Risks of Sun Exposure to Maintain Adequate Vitamin D Levels","volume":"15","author":"Riskin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"61","article-title":"Seasonal Differences of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations in Children and Adolescents from Mexico City and Metropolitan Area","volume":"81","author":"Guagnelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-7169(13)71460-0","article-title":"UVB Solar Radiation Climatology for Mexico","volume":"52","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geof\u00edsica Int."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perichart-Perera, O., Gonz\u00e1lez-Leyva, C.P., Gonz\u00e1lez-Ludlow, I., Tolentino-Dolores, M., Solis-Paredes, M., Reyes-Mu\u00f1oz, E., Borboa-Olivares, H., S\u00e1nchez-Mart\u00ednez, M., Parra-Hern\u00e1ndez, S., and Monterrubio-Flores, E. (2020). Vitamin D Deficiency in Mexican Pregnant Women: Is Supplementation with \u2264400 IU\/Day Enough?. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092517"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1383","DOI":"10.1017\/S000711451100170X","article-title":"Vitamin D status in pregnant Indian women across trimesters and different seasons and its correlation with neonatal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels","volume":"106","author":"Marwaha","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2017.09.007","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women of a Sunny City in Northeast of Brazil","volume":"23","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxz276","article-title":"Summer Season and Recommended Vitamin D Intake Support Adequate Vitamin D Status throughout Pregnancy in Healthy Canadian Women and Their Newborns","volume":"150","author":"Perreault","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"498","article-title":"Maternal-neonatal vitamin D status and related factors","volume":"50","author":"Zhuang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi Chin. J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0035-1548835","article-title":"Effects of High-Dose Vitamin D Supplementation on Metabolic Status and Pregnancy Outcomes in Pregnant Women at Risk for Pre-Eclampsia","volume":"47","author":"Karamali","year":"2015","journal-title":"Horm. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qiu, Y., Wang, B., Xu, N., Wang, S., Alifu, X., Cheng, H., Chen, D., Yu, L., Liu, H., and Yu, Y. (2025). Alterations in the Metabolic and Lipid Profiles Associated with Vitamin D Deficiency in Early Pregnancy. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17193096"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422418000197","article-title":"The controversial role of vitamin D as an antioxidant: Results from randomised controlled trials","volume":"32","author":"Tagliaferri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2013). Vitamin D upregulates glutamate cysteine ligase and glutathione reductase, and GSH formation, and decreases ROS and MCP-1 and IL-8 secretion in high-glucose exposed U937 monocytes. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 437, 7\u201311.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2013.06.004"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1186\/s12986-017-0236-9","article-title":"The Effects of Vitamin D and Omega-3 Fatty Acids Co-Supplementation on Biomarkers of Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and Pregnancy Outcomes in Patients with Gestational Diabetes","volume":"14","author":"Razavi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ignacio-Mej\u00eda, I., Bandala, C., Gonz\u00e1lez-Zamora, J.F., Chavez-Galan, L., Buendia-Roldan, I., P\u00e9rez-Torres, K., Rodr\u00edguez-D\u00edaz, M.Z., Pacheco-Tob\u00f3n, D.X., Quintero-Fabi\u00e1n, S., and Vargas-Hern\u00e1ndez, M.A. (2025). Association of Vitamin D Supplementation with Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) Activity, Interleukine-6 (IL-6) Levels, and Anxiety and Depression Scores in Patients with Post-COVID-19 Condition. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26104582"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-017-3755-1","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplementation Attenuates Oxidative Stress in Paraspinal Skeletal Muscles in Patients with Low Back Pain","volume":"118","author":"Dzik","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ansari, M.G.A., Sabico, S., Clerici, M., Khattak, M.N.K., Wani, K., Al-Musharaf, S., Amer, O.E., Alokail, M.S., and Al-Daghri, N.M. (2020). Vitamin D Supplementation Is Associated with Increased Glutathione Peroxidase-1 Levels in Arab Adults with Prediabetes. Antioxidants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox9020118"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2017.1348436","article-title":"Oxidative Stress-Induced Cognitive Impairment in Obesity Can Be Reversed by Vitamin D Administration in Rats","volume":"21","author":"Hajiluian","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"109","article-title":"Examining the Relationship between Vitamin D Levels and Helicobacter Pylori Infection and Its Effect on the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis in Dyspeptic Patients","volume":"32","author":"Korkmaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Deney. Klin. T\u0131p Derg."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ensci.2018.12.004","article-title":"Neuroprotective Role of Vitamin D in Primary Neuronal Cortical Culture","volume":"14","author":"AlJohri","year":"2019","journal-title":"eNeurologicalSci"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.18295\/squmj.10.2024.054","article-title":"Vitamin D Status and Oxidative Stress in Children with Sickle Cell Anaemia in Sagamu, Nigeria","volume":"25","author":"Sonuga","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sultan Qaboos Univ. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.45.120403.095857","article-title":"Glutathione Transferases","volume":"45","author":"Hayes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3600001","article-title":"Structure, Function and Evolution of Glutathione Transferases: Implications for Classification of Non-Mammalian Members of an Ancient Enzyme Superfamily","volume":"360","author":"Sheehan","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. J."}],"container-title":["Metabolites"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/16\/1\/19\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,30]],"date-time":"2025-12-30T05:14:11Z","timestamp":1767071651000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/16\/1\/19"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["metabo16010019"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo16010019","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-1989"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"2218-1989"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,24]]}}}