{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T05:22:32Z","timestamp":1767504152852,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project","award":["2024ZD0531200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZD0531200"]}]},{"name":"Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project","award":["2024ZD0531201"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024ZD0531201"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["82427801"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82427801"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["32301239"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32301239"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["62025102"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["62025102"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Existing exercise metabolomics studies have predominantly focused on changes in the type and abundance of metabolites, while rarely addressing the toxicity risk of differential metabolites. Metabolic toxicity refers to the potential of endogenous or exogenous metabolites to induce oxidative stress, cell death, and other forms of biological damage when excessively accumulated and serves as a key driver of metabolic disorders. This study aims to characterize the toxicity risk of plasma differential metabolites before and after a single session of moderate-intensity running, so as to investigate the exercise-induced changes in metabolic toxicity. Methods: A single-group self-pretest\u2013posttest control design was adopted in this study. Participants were recruited from Wuhan Sports University, China, with the inclusion criteria of healthy females aged 22\u201330 years and BMI 18.5\u201324.9. Individuals with a history of metabolic diseases or who met other exclusion criteria were excluded, and 5 females were finally enrolled. The exercise protocol consisted of a single 40 min session of moderate-intensity running on a treadmill. We collected plasma samples from five healthy females before and after exercise and performed untargeted LC-MS\/MS metabolomic profiling. The gap-\u0394energy algorithm was applied to calculate the toxicity scores of differential metabolites, and the proportion of metabolites with high toxic potential (score &gt; 0.6) was compared. Results: Plasma metabolic profiles underwent notable remodeling after exercise. Thirty-two metabolites were upregulated and the phosphosphingolipid SM(d18:2(4E,14Z)\/16:0) was the most significant. Meanwhile 32 metabolites were downregulated and the phosphosphingolipid PC(18:1(9Z)\/14:0) was the most significant. The 64 differential metabolites were enriched in 9 KEGG pathways including amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism. Moreover, we systematically evaluated the toxicity of these metabolites using the gap-\u0394energy algorithm and found that the downregulated metabolites exhibited a significantly higher toxicity score compared to the upregulated ones. In addition, 37.5% of the downregulated metabolites had a high toxicity score, while the proportion of high toxicity in the upregulated group was only 15.6%. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that moderate-intensity running may confer metabolic health benefits to individuals by reducing metabolic toxicity, specifically through the downregulation of metabolites with high toxic potential. These findings offer novel evidence for exercise\u2019s role in improving metabolic health. They also open a new direction for exercise-based interventions in metabolic disease\u2013toxicity regulation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo16010043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T11:11:46Z","timestamp":1767352306000},"page":"43","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Plasma Metabolome and Metabolite Toxicity Profiling of Moderate-Intensity Running in Human Females"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Qintong","family":"Fei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, No. 461 Luoyu Rd., Hongshan District, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tiantian","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, No. 461 Luoyu Rd., Hongshan District, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maodi","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, No. 461 Luoyu Rd., Hongshan District, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, No. 461 Luoyu Rd., Hongshan District, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huilin","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, No. 461 Luoyu Rd., Hongshan District, Wuhan 430079, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Rd., Pudong New Area, Shanghai 201203, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qinghua","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sports Medicine, Wuhan Sports University, No. 461 Luoyu Rd., Hongshan District, Wuhan 430079, China"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Informatics, State Key Laboratory of Vascular Homeostasis and Remodeling, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, 38 Xueyuan Rd., Beijing 100191, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2012.12.012","article-title":"Exercise metabolism and the molecular regulation of skeletal muscle adaptation","volume":"17","author":"Egan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-020-0251-4","article-title":"Skeletal muscle energy metabolism during exercise","volume":"2","author":"Hargreaves","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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