{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,24]],"date-time":"2026-01-24T20:08:33Z","timestamp":1769285313332,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In Pteropus spp., metabolic bone disease has been consistently associated with fruit-based diets that are deficient in calcium, vitamin D precursors, and protein, as well as limited ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure, as reported in zoological surveys and clinical observations. Comparative mammalian physiology suggests that dysregulation of the endocrine axis involving parathyroid hormone (PTH), fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23), calcitonin, and calcitriol may contribute to disease development, although direct species-specific endocrine data in flying foxes remain scarce. This narrative review synthesizes current knowledge from published zoological reports, clinical observations, and comparative mammalian physiology regarding the etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical expression of metabolic bone disease in captive flying foxes. Much of the available evidence is derived from juvenile Pteropus vampyrus, and its applicability to other Pteropus species remains to be fully established. The limited availability and consistency of existing data, together with the scarcity of controlled experimental and longitudinal studies, necessarily constrain the conclusions that can be drawn. Nevertheless, this review highlights key nutritional and environmental risk factors and summarizes evidence-informed preventive management strategies to improve skeletal health and welfare in managed Pteropus populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo16010087","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T15:31:46Z","timestamp":1769009506000},"page":"87","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Metabolic Bone Disease in Captive Flying Foxes: A Conceptual Framework and Future Perspectives"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Diana","family":"Faim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"FozCanis\u2014Hospital Veterin\u00e1rio da Figueira da Foz\u2014Evidensia, 3080-230 Buarcos, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6330-4560","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Isabel","family":"Pires","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Animal Sciences and Veterinary Studies (CECAV), Associate Laboratory of Animal and Veterinary Sciences\u2014AL4AnimalS, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6602-0926","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filipe","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Sciences, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (ECAV), University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"},{"name":"Centre for Animal Sciences and Veterinary Studies (CECAV), Associate Laboratory of Animal and Veterinary Sciences\u2014AL4AnimalS, University of Tr\u00e1s-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2011.06004.x","article-title":"Ecosystem Services Provided by Bats","volume":"1223","author":"Kunz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. 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