{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T16:04:02Z","timestamp":1791475442063,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]],"date-time":"2026-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Gansu Province Clinical Medical Research Center of General Surgery","award":["20JR10FA661"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20JR10FA661"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The gut immune microenvironment and the liver engage in intricate information exchange via the gut\u2013liver axis. The disruption of these interactions plays a pivotal role in the formation and exacerbation of pathological damage to the liver. The gut immune microenvironment is not an independent layer of the gut barrier; rather, it permeates and regulates all other barrier functions, serving as the core coordinator. Disruption of the immune microenvironment in the gut\u2013liver axis drives progression across the full disease spectrum\u2014from steatosis to hepatitis, fibrosis, and even liver cancer\u2014through the continuous influx of immune-stimulatory signals that overwhelm the liver\u2019s intrinsic immune regulatory mechanisms. Dysfunction of innate immunity components, amplification of inflammatory factors and key cellular signaling pathways, activation of adaptive immune T cells, and systemic effects mediated by liver-derived inflammatory factors collectively form a disordered immune microenvironment. This damages the intestinal barrier and exacerbates liver disease via the gut\u2013liver axis, leading to further intestinal injury, thus establishing a self-reinforcing vicious cycle. Current therapeutic strategies based on modulating the gut\u2013liver axis microenvironment remain limited, yet studies have demonstrated that suppressing gut immune cells, cytokines, and signaling pathways can help delay liver disease progression. Hopefully, future combined, precise, and cutting-edge gut immunotherapies will provide more effective strategies for liver disease treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo16020092","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T09:21:40Z","timestamp":1769505700000},"page":"92","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The \u201cImmune Rebellion\u201d from the Intestines to the Liver: A Vicious Cycle That Causes the Liver to Collapse"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wan-Ting","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jia-Le","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuo","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mao-Bing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xun","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The First School of Clinical Medicine, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Medical Engineering Center for Liver Repair and Regeneration of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Clinical Research Center for General Surgery of Gansu Province, Lanzhou 730000, China"},{"name":"Innovation Center for Advanced Particle and Nuclear Medicine Technologies, Lanzhou 730000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Byass, P. 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