{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T06:06:42Z","timestamp":1771481202747,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Foundational","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019-67015-29448"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019-67015-29448"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000199","name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture Foundational","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020-67015-30825"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020-67015-30825"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000199","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000057","name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1P20GM104320"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1P20GM104320"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000057","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1011055"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1011055"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1009410"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1009410"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Circulating inflammatory cytokines and tissue sensitivity are both elevated following heat stress-induced intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). Cytokines disrupt myoblast function and muscle growth, and thus we hypothesized that suppressing inflammatory tone in IUGR-born lambs by supplementing anti-inflammatory nutraceuticals would improve early postnatal growth. Methods: IUGR lambs produced by maternal heat stress were supplemented daily with 42 mg\/kg oral omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (\u03c9-3 PUFA) Ca2+ salts or placebo from birth to 28 days of age. Results: By day 28, the 21% lighter bodyweights for IUGR lambs were fully resolved by \u03c9-3 PUFA due to the complete recovery of average daily gain. Subcutaneous fat deposition and visceral organ growth were modestly diminished in IUGR-born lambs, but skeletal muscle mass was more markedly restricted. This coincided with 63% less muscle AdipoR2 but 27% greater circulating adiponectin. \u03c9-3 PUFA reduced or eliminated deficits in subcutaneous fat, visceral organs, and five of the six individual muscles assessed, which corresponded with rescue of myoblast populations and AdipoR2 content. In turn, asymmetric growth restriction was resolved at one month of age. Conclusions: These findings show that targeting heightened inflammatory tone during the neonatal period in IUGR-born offspring can recover early growth in skeletal muscle and other soft tissues.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo16020136","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T09:22:46Z","timestamp":1771320166000},"page":"136","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Targeting Heightened Inflammatory Tone in IUGR Neonatal Lambs via Daily Oral Supplementation of \u03c9-3 PUFA Improved Growth Rates, Muscle Mass, and Adiponectin Signaling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Melanie R.","family":"White","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7980-1377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rachel L.","family":"Gibbs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7909-9135","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo C.","family":"Grijalva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zena M.","family":"Herrera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shelley A.","family":"Curry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haley N.","family":"Beer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eileen S.","family":"Marks-Nelson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dustin T.","family":"Yates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E516","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00435.2012","article-title":"Reductions in insulin concentrations and beta-cell mass precede growth restriction in sheep fetuses with placental insufficiency","volume":"304","author":"Limesand","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1053\/j.semperi.2007.11.004","article-title":"An animal model of placental insufficiency-induced intrauterine growth restriction","volume":"32","author":"Barry","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin. Perinatol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e28","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174425100111","article-title":"Fetal programming under maternal heat stress: A focus on skeletal muscle growth and nutrition in livestock","volume":"16","author":"Zhao","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2019.1608432","article-title":"Melatonin decreases and cytokines increase in women with placental insufficiency","volume":"34","author":"Berbets","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Matern. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2016.03.017","article-title":"Impact of placental insufficiency on fetal skeletal muscle growth","volume":"435","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E181","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00382.2021","article-title":"Tissue-specific responses that constrain glucose oxidation and increase lactate production with the severity of hypoxemia in fetal sheep","volume":"322","author":"Jones","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibbs, R.L., Swanson, R.M., Beard, J.K., Hicks, Z.M., Most, M.S., Beer, H.N., Grijalva, P.C., Clement, S.M., Marks-Nelson, E.S., and Schmidt, T.B. (2023). Daily injection of the \u03b22 adrenergic agonist clenbuterol improved poor muscle growth and body composition in lambs following heat stress-induced intrauterine growth restriction. Front. Physiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1252508"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skab102","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skab102","article-title":"Maternofetal inflammation induced for 2 wk in late gestation reduced birth weight and impaired neonatal growth and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism in lambs","volume":"99","author":"Posont","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-6226(02)00012-X","article-title":"Within-litter birth weight variation in the domestic pig and its relation to pre-weaning survival, weight gain, and variation in weaning weights","volume":"76","author":"Milligan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Livest. Prod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2316","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2006-156","article-title":"Board-invited review: Intrauterine growth retardation: Implications for the animal sciences","volume":"84","author":"Wu","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/31.6.1235","article-title":"Fetal origins of adult disease: Strength of effects and biological basis","volume":"31","author":"Barker","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00399095","article-title":"Type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidaemia (syndrome X): Relation to reduced fetal growth","volume":"36","author":"Barker","year":"1993","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1113\/JP271066","article-title":"Ketamine suppresses hypoxia-induced inflammatory responses in the late-gestation ovine fetal kidney cortex","volume":"594","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6063","DOI":"10.1113\/JP275661","article-title":"Effects of ketamine on the fetal transcriptomic response to umbilical cord occlusion: Comparison with hypoxic hypoxia in the cerebral cortex","volume":"596","author":"Zarate","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beer, H.N., Lacey, T.A., Gibbs, R.L., Most, M.S., Hicks, Z.M., Grijalva, P.C., Marks-Nelson, E.S., Schmidt, T.B., Petersen, J.L., and Yates, D.T. (2024). Daily Eicosapentaenoic Acid Infusion in IUGR Fetal Lambs Reduced Systemic Inflammation, Increased Muscle ADR\u03b22 Content, and Improved Myoblast Function and Muscle Growth. Metabolites, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14060340"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skac145","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skac145","article-title":"Primary myoblasts from intrauterine growth-restricted fetal sheep exhibit intrinsic dysfunction of proliferation and differentiation that coincides with enrichment of inflammatory cytokine signaling pathways","volume":"100","author":"Posont","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibbs, R.L., Wilson, J.A., Swanson, R.M., Beard, J.K., Hicks, Z.M., Beer, H.N., Marks-Nelson, E.S., Schmidt, T.B., Petersen, J.L., and Yates, D.T. (2024). Daily Injection of the \u03b22 Adrenergic Agonist Clenbuterol Improved Muscle Glucose Metabolism, Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion, and Hyperlipidemia in Juvenile Lambs Following Heat-Stress-Induced Intrauterine Growth Restriction. Metabolites, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo14030156"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3719","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.13256","article-title":"Neonatal resveratrol administration promotes skeletal muscle growth and insulin sensitivity in intrauterine growth-retarded suckling piglets associated with activation of FGF21-AMPK\u03b1 pathway","volume":"104","author":"Bai","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Sci. Food Agric."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/10641950601146483","article-title":"Maternal and umbilical sTNF-R1 in preeclamptic pregnancies with intrauterine normal and growth retarded fetus","volume":"26","author":"Laskowska","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hypertens. Pregnancy"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"skab358","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skab358","article-title":"Intermittent maternofetal oxygenation during late gestation improved birthweight, neonatal growth, body symmetry, and muscle metabolism in intrauterine growth-restricted lambs","volume":"100","author":"Cadaret","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White, M.R., Gibbs, R.L., Grijalva, P.C., Hicks, Z.M., Beer, H.N., Marks-Nelson, E.S., and Yates, D.T. (2025). Reducing Systemic Inflammation in IUGR-Born Neonatal Lambs via Daily Oral \u03c9-3 PUFA Supplement Improved Skeletal Muscle Glucose Metabolism, Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion, and Blood Pressure. Metabolites, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15060346"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txab168","article-title":"Decreased fetal biometrics and impaired \u03b2-cell function in IUGR fetal sheep are improved by daily \u03c9-3 PUFA infusion","volume":"5","author":"Lacey","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2010.07.041","article-title":"GPR120 is an omega-3 fatty acid receptor mediating potent anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitizing effects","volume":"142","author":"Oh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnutbio.2006.04.003","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid induces an anti-inflammatory profile in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated human THP-1 macrophages more effectively than eicosapentaenoic acid","volume":"18","author":"Weldon","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.4236\/wjcd.2012.21003","article-title":"The Effects of EPA+DHA and Aspirin on Inflammatory Cytokines and Angiogenesis Factors","volume":"2","author":"Block","year":"2012","journal-title":"World J. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jlr.2025.100770","article-title":"Inflammatory markers after supplementation with marine n-3 or plant n-6 PUFAs: A randomized double-blind crossover study","volume":"66","author":"Grytten","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S46","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txab163","article-title":"Dexamethasone and fish oil improve average daily gain but not muscle mass or protein content in feedlot wethers after chronic heat stress","volume":"5","author":"Most","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1093\/tas\/txz037","article-title":"Maternal inflammation at midgestation impairs subsequent fetal myoblast function and skeletal muscle growth in rats, resulting in intrauterine growth restriction at term","volume":"3","author":"Cadaret","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gibbs, R.L., and Yates, D.T. (2021). The Price of Surviving on Adrenaline: Developmental Programming Responses to Chronic Fetal Hypercatecholaminemia Contribute to Poor Muscle Growth Capacity and Metabolic Dysfunction in IUGR-Born Offspring. Front. Anim. Sci., 2.","DOI":"10.3389\/fanim.2021.769334"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1020","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00528.2015","article-title":"Intrauterine growth-restricted sheep fetuses exhibit smaller hindlimb muscle fibers and lower proportions of insulin-sensitive Type I fibers near term","volume":"310","author":"Yates","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"665","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2010.90482","article-title":"Muscle Fiber Characteristics and Their Relationship to Water Holding Capacity of Longissimus dorsi Muscle in Brahman and Charolais Crossbred Bulls","volume":"23","author":"Waritthitham","year":"2010","journal-title":"Asian-Australas J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2019.08.006","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic acid varies in rat skeletal muscle membranes according to fibre type and provision of dietary fish oil","volume":"151","author":"Macartney","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1267\/ahc.10031","article-title":"Characterization of fiber types in different muscles of the hindlimb in female weanling and adult Wistar rats","volume":"44","author":"Cornachione","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Histochem. Cytochem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515002512","article-title":"Muscle fatigue resistance in the rat hindlimb in vivo from low dietary intakes of tuna fish oil that selectively increase phospholipid n-3 docosahexaenoic acid according to muscle fibre type","volume":"114","author":"Henry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McGlory, C., Calder, P.C., and Nunes, E.A. (2019). The Influence of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Skeletal Muscle Protein Turnover in Health, Disuse, and Disease. Front. Nutr., 6.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2019.00144"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dev167197","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.167197","article-title":"Prepubertal skeletal muscle growth requires Pax7-expressing satellite cell-derived myonuclear contribution","volume":"145","author":"Bachman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-194-43060","article-title":"Regulation of satellite cells during skeletal muscle growth and development","volume":"194","author":"Allen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3113","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2014.272591","article-title":"Myoblasts from intrauterine growth-restricted sheep fetuses exhibit intrinsic deficiencies in proliferation that contribute to smaller semitendinosus myofibres","volume":"592","author":"Yates","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.00-0463","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines inhibit myogenic differentiation through activation of nuclear factor-kappaB","volume":"15","author":"Langen","year":"2001","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alvarez, A.M., DeOcesano-Pereira, C., Teixeira, C., and Moreira, V. (2020). IL-1beta and TNF-alpha Modulation of Proliferated and Committed Myoblasts: IL-6 and COX-2-Derived Prostaglandins as Key Actors in the Mechanisms Involved. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9092005"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13617","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201901123R","article-title":"Adiponectin deficiency induces mitochondrial dysfunction and promotes endothelial activation and pulmonary vascular injury","volume":"33","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11682","DOI":"10.1021\/bi801451f","article-title":"The adiponectin receptors AdipoR1 and AdipoR2 activate ERK1\/2 through a Src\/Ras-dependent pathway and stimulate cell growth","volume":"47","author":"Lee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-09-0193","article-title":"Influence of prematurity and growth restriction on the adipokine profile, IGF1, and ghrelin levels in cord blood: Relationship with glucose metabolism","volume":"161","author":"Barrios","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.2337\/dc08-1570","article-title":"Growth factors and adipocytokines in prepubertal children born small for gestational age: Relation to insulin resistance","volume":"32","author":"Challa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1007\/s00467-009-1407-3","article-title":"Fetal growth restriction, catch-up growth and the early origins of insulin resistance and visceral obesity","volume":"25","author":"Morrison","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-003-0065-2","article-title":"Adiponectin: Systemic contributor to insulin sensitivity","volume":"3","author":"Pajvani","year":"2003","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rep."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15691","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-34075-6","article-title":"Biochemistry, hormones and adipocytokines in prepubertal children born with IUGR evoke metabolic, hepatic and renal derangements","volume":"8","author":"Sidiropoulou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174421000349","article-title":"Leptin and adiponectin concentrations in infants with low birth weight: Relationship with maternal health and postnatal growth","volume":"13","author":"Franco","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1080\/15513815.2016.1242675","article-title":"Lipids and Adipokines in Cord Blood and at 72 h in Discordant Dichorionic Twins","volume":"36","author":"Jankovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Fetal Pediatr. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-07-0692","article-title":"Leptin and adiponectin concentrations in intrauterine growth restricted and appropriate for gestational age fetuses, neonates, and their mothers","volume":"158","author":"Kyriakakou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2004.02102.x","article-title":"Both intrauterine growth restriction and postnatal growth influence childhood serum concentrations of adiponectin","volume":"61","author":"Kihara","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2024.03.003","article-title":"Fat deposition and partitioning for meat production in cattle and sheep","volume":"17","author":"Liu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.4161\/adip.28546","article-title":"Intermuscular and intramuscular adipose tissues: Bad vs. good adipose tissues","volume":"3","author":"Hausman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adipocyte"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI117844","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha eliminates binding of NF-Y and an octamer-binding protein to the lipoprotein lipase promoter in 3T3-L1 adipocytes","volume":"95","author":"Morin","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E711","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00257.2003","article-title":"Rapid downregulation of adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase activity on food deprivation: Evidence that TNF-alpha is involved","volume":"286","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100396","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2021.100396","article-title":"Blocking endogenous IL-6 impairs mobilization of free fatty acids during rest and exercise in lean and obese men","volume":"2","author":"Trinh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2010.04.027","article-title":"Cellular signaling pathways regulating the initial stage of adipogenesis and marbling of skeletal muscle","volume":"86","author":"Du","year":"2010","journal-title":"Meat Sci."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schumacher, M., DelCurto-Wyffels, H., Thomson, J., and Boles, J. (2022). Fat Deposition and Fat Effects on Meat Quality\u2014A Review. Animals, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12121550"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2013.03.008","article-title":"Mechanisms and metabolic implications of regional differences among fat depots","volume":"17","author":"Tchkonia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.2527\/2006.84193x","article-title":"Low birth weight is associated with enlarged muscle fiber area and impaired meat tenderness of the longissimus muscle in pigs","volume":"84","author":"Gondret","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-017-4341-9","article-title":"Fetal growth restriction: Current knowledge","volume":"295","author":"Nardozza","year":"2017","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."}],"container-title":["Metabolites"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/16\/2\/136\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,19]],"date-time":"2026-02-19T05:15:07Z","timestamp":1771478107000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/16\/2\/136"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["metabo16020136"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo16020136","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-1989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-1989","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]}}}