{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T11:53:39Z","timestamp":1772452419393,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Valerie and Walter Winchester","award":["533181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["533181"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EY-03988"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EY-03988"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD"},{"name":"Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine, Midwestern University, Chicago, IL"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: An unexplainably high millimolar (~3 mM) concentration of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), herein designated as nucleoside triphosphate (NTP), exists in the crystalline lens even though all of the known functions of NTP combined require only micromolar (\u03bcM) concentrations. Since the lens is one of the most metabolically quiescent tissues in the body and the retina is one of the most metabolically active tissues in the body, we compared their phosphorus metabolomics and related metabolic indices that measure their metabolic health status. As such, the purpose of this report was to compare the NTP concentrations in lenticular and retinal tissues and the metabolic indices that include NTP as well as their phosphorus-31 spectral modulus (PSM). Methods: Known phosphatic metabolic profiles of rat lenses and retinas were compared and quantified in mole % phosphorus using phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Metabolic indices measuring health status, where ATP is a principal component, were calculated, including the PSM. Results: In this secondary analysis, the NTP concentration calculated in the lens was 41.0% of the total phosphate detected, whereas it was similarly 37.6% in the sensory retina. The PSM values were 1.28 for the lens and similarly 1.42 for the retina. Conclusions: Due to the lens tissue\u2019s low quiescent metabolic activity, one might expect the NTP concentration to be lower in the lens than in the highly metabolically active retina: a similar difference is expected in the PSM. However, this was not the case with the mM concentrations of NTP in both the lens (\u22652.3 mM) and the retina (2.4 mM). The similarly high mM NTP concentration coupled with the PSM-calculated measure of metabolic health in these tissues is a novel finding. The novel findings of such similarly high concentrations of NTP in these metabolically diverse eye tissues further support and are consistent with the hypothesized role of NTP as a hydrotrope, preventing protein aggregation resulting in age-related cataractogenesis and age-related macular degeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo16030167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]],"date-time":"2026-03-02T10:24:34Z","timestamp":1772447074000},"page":"167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Metabolomics of Ocular Tissues with High and Low Metabolic Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1659-1020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jack V.","family":"Greiner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Schepens Eye Research Institute of Massachusetts Eye & Ear Infirmary, 20 Staniford St., Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA"},{"name":"Clinical Eye Research of Boston, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6924-2185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"Glonek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Eye Research of Boston, Boston, MA 02114, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Nelson, D.L., Cox, M.M., and Hoskins, A.A. 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