{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T20:45:11Z","timestamp":1790196311150,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776816000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder affecting both the joints and skin. Beyond musculoskeletal manifestations, patients with PsA frequently exhibit alterations in lipid metabolism, contributing to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Dyslipidemia in PsA arises from multiple mechanisms, including systemic inflammation, insulin resistance, and imbalances in adipokines such as leptin, adiponectin, and resistin. A structured literature search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science to identify relevant studies on lipid metabolism in psoriatic arthritis, and the evidence was synthesized narratively. PsA is also commonly associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome, further exacerbating dyslipidemia and cardiovascular risk. Interventions including weight loss, lifestyle modification, and anti-inflammatory treatments have been shown to improve lipid profiles and clinical outcomes. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current knowledge on altered lipid metabolism in PsA, highlighting underlying mechanisms, clinical implications, and therapeutic strategies to reduce cardiovascular risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo16050287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T12:54:08Z","timestamp":1776862448000},"page":"287","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Altered Lipid Metabolism in Psoriatic Arthritis: A Comprehensive Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Stanislava","family":"Popova-Belova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Clinic of Rheumatology, University Hospital \u201cSv. George\u201d, Medical University\u2014Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7655-3846","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariela","family":"Geneva-Popova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Clinic of Rheumatology, University Hospital \u201cSv. George\u201d, Medical University\u2014Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefka","family":"Stoilova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Hospital \u201cSv. George\u201d, Medical University\u2014Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5733-5520","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Velichka","family":"Popova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Propedeutics of Internal Diseases \u201cProf. Anton Mitov\u201d, Faculty of Medicine, Clinic of Rheumatology, University Hospital \u201cKaspela\u201d, Medical University\u2014Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1619-7066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgi","family":"Nikolov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Internal Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Clinic of Nephrology, University Hospital \u201cSv. George\u201d, Medical University\u2014Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dimitar","family":"Nikolov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Second Department of Internal Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Clinic of Nephrology, University Hospital \u201cSv. George\u201d, Medical University\u2014Plovdiv, 4002 Plovdiv, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2018.74021","article-title":"Serum lipid metabolism in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis\u2014An update","volume":"15","author":"Pietrzak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arch. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-021-02715-4","article-title":"The difference of lipid profiles between psoriasis with arthritis and psoriasis without arthritis and sex-specific downregulation of methotrexate on the apolipoprotein B\/apolipoprotein A-1 ratio","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2020.04.009","article-title":"Adipokines as novel biomarkers of cardio-metabolic disorders","volume":"507","author":"Su","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005174","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2024-005174","article-title":"Low apolipoprotein A1 and high apolipoprotein B levels indicate specific lipid changes in treatment-na\u00efve early psoriatic arthritis","volume":"11","author":"Ishchenko","year":"2025","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2547","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-019-04619-w","article-title":"Pro-inflammatory adipokine profile in psoriatic arthritis: Results from a cross-sectional study comparing PsA subset with evident cutaneous involvement and subset \u201csine psoriasis\u201d","volume":"38","author":"Caso","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1038\/s41584-025-01326-6","article-title":"The obesity-inflammation axis in psoriatic disease: Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies","volume":"22","author":"Haberman","year":"2026","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramonda, R., Ometto, F., Striani, G., Cozzi, G., Basso, D., Evangelista, F., Lorenzin, M., Scagnellato, L., Aita, A., and Favero, M. (2025). Ketogenic diet improves disease activity and cardiovascular risk in psoriatic arthritis: A proof-of-concept study. PLoS ONE, 20.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0321140"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W\u00f3jcik, P., Biernacki, M., Wro\u0144ski, A., \u0141uczaj, W., Waeg, G., \u017darkovi\u0107, N., and Skrzydlewska, E. (2019). Altered lipid metabolism in blood mononuclear cells of psoriatic patients indicates differential changes in psoriasis vulgaris and psoriatic arthritis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20174249"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-020-1200-7","article-title":"Higher bodily adiposity, fat intake, and cholesterol serum levels are associated with higher disease activity in psoriatic arthritis patients: Is there a link among fat and skin and joint involvement?","volume":"19","author":"Leite","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wan, Y.W., Duan, X., Jin, Z., and Chen, H. (2026). The research potential of A20 in psoriatic arthritis. Front. Immunol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1630198"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16965","DOI":"10.20452\/pamw.16965","article-title":"Cardiovascular comorbidities in psoriatic arthritis: Real-life data","volume":"135","author":"Voulgari","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pol. Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70372","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185x.70372","article-title":"The APLAR recommendations for the management of psoriatic arthritis","volume":"28","author":"Leung","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Caprio, R., Nigro, E., Di Brizzi, E.V., Buononato, D., Mallardo, M., Tancredi, V., Daniele, A., and Balato, A. (2024). Exploring the link between psoriasis and adipose tissue: One amplifies the other. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms252413435"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759720X241271886","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X241271886","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and psoriatic arthritis: The role of weight loss as a disease-modifying therapy","volume":"16","author":"Williams","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Musculoskelet. Dis."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2016-209775","article-title":"EULAR recommendations for cardiovascular disease risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory joint disorders: 2015\/2016 update","volume":"76","author":"Agca","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2817","DOI":"10.1007\/s00296-024-05740-z","article-title":"A comparison of comorbidities and their risk factors prevalence across rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and axial spondyloarthritis with focus on cardiovascular diseases: Data from a single-center real-world cohort","volume":"44","author":"Kuszmiersz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rheumatol. Int."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1956","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2012-202325","article-title":"Serum adipokines in patients with psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis alone and their correlation with disease activity","volume":"72","author":"Eder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e003821","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2023-003821","article-title":"Sex differences in cytokines and adipokines in obese patients with PsA and controls undergoing a weight loss intervention","volume":"10","author":"Landgren","year":"2024","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2015.1068950","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk markers in patients with psoriatic arthritis: A meta-analysis of literature studies","volume":"47","author":"Ambrosino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gaumond, S.I., Mufarrej, S., Angioli, A.M., Abdin, R., Billero, V., Rongioletti, F., Levy, C., De Marchena, E., and Romanelli, P. (2026). Comorbidity Burden and Biologic Access in an Uninsured Psoriasis Population: A 20-Year Descriptive Study. Int. J. Dermatol., Epub ahead of printing.","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.70306"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152923","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2026.152923","article-title":"Disease activity and hyperuricemia predict the development of cardiovascular events in patients with Psoriatic Arthritis: Results of the 10-year prospective evaluation in the CARMA cohort","volume":"77","author":"Llorca","year":"2026","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2025.07.001","article-title":"Obesity and comorbidity management in psoriatic arthritis","volume":"51","author":"Maharaj","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rheum. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Woo, Y.R., Park, C.J., Kang, H., and Kim, J.E. (2020). The risk of systemic diseases in those with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: From mechanisms to clinic. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21197041"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbarroja, N., L\u00f3pez-Medina, C., Escudero-Contreras, A., and Arias-de la Rosa, I. (2024). Clinical and molecular insights into cardiovascular disease in psoriatic patients and the potential protective role of apremilast. Front. Immunol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1459185"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1831","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-025-02565-5","article-title":"Metabolic challenges of glucose and lipid dysregulation in psoriatic arthritis: A narrative review from pathogenesis to clinical practice","volume":"62","author":"Fatica","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.14197","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome, rheumatoid and psoriatic arthritis: Managing cardiovascular risk","volume":"24","author":"Piya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1505557","article-title":"Psoriatic arthritis","volume":"376","author":"Ritchlin","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.140021","article-title":"High prevalence of metabolic syndrome and of insulin resistance in psoriatic arthritis is associated with the severity of underlying disease","volume":"41","author":"Haroon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ard.2025.08.013","article-title":"Antiobesity medications in rheumatology. Quo vadis?","volume":"85","author":"Kyriazi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152389","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2024.152389","article-title":"The management of cardiovascular risk in psoriatic disease: A bridge over troubled water","volume":"65","author":"Alunno","year":"2024","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S186","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000001631","article-title":"High prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with psoriatic arthritis from northeastern Brazil: Association with traditional cardiovascular risk factors and biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs","volume":"27","author":"Gomes","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.31138\/mjr.200925.per","article-title":"Psoriatic Arthritis: Developments in 2025","volume":"37","author":"Spanopoulou","year":"2026","journal-title":"Mediterr. J. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-019-1810-5","article-title":"Weight loss improves disease activity in patients with psoriatic arthritis and obesity: An interventional study","volume":"21","author":"Klingberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.12134","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome in psoriatic arthritis patients: A cross-sectional study","volume":"16","author":"Sharma","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.18044","article-title":"Psoriasis and metabolic syndrome: Implications for the management and treatment of psoriasis","volume":"36","author":"Wu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Eur. Acad. Dermatol. Venereol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.14.1735","article-title":"Risk of myocardial infarction in patients with psoriasis","volume":"296","author":"Gelfand","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2014-205267","article-title":"Increased burden of inflammation over time is associated with the extent of atherosclerotic plaques in patients with psoriatic arthritis","volume":"74","author":"Eder","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2016.07.064","article-title":"Psoriasis and comorbid diseases: Epidemiology","volume":"76","author":"Takeshita","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kes242","article-title":"Obesity and psoriatic arthritis: From pathogenesis to clinical outcome and management","volume":"52","author":"Russolillo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3787","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-025-07637-z","article-title":"Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and its components in psoriatic arthritis compared with general population, cutaneous psoriasis, and other inflammatory arthropathies: A meta-analysis","volume":"44","author":"Andreasson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2018.03.005","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors predicting cardiac events are different in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis, and psoriasis","volume":"48","author":"Cooksey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70227","DOI":"10.1111\/exd.70227","article-title":"Complications and Laboratory Test Findings Among Patients with Generalized Pustular Psoriasis: A Retrospective Chart Review Study","volume":"35","author":"Okuyama","year":"2026","journal-title":"Exp. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radi\u0107, M., Belan\u010di\u0107, A., \u0110oga\u0161, H., Vu\u010dkovi\u0107, M., Sener, Y.Z., Sener, S., Fajki\u0107, A., and Radi\u0107, J. (2025). Cardiometabolic risk in psoriatic arthritis: A hidden burden of inflammation and metabolic dysregulation. Metabolites, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo15030206"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9688","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-026-38565-w","article-title":"Excess cardiovascular morbidity in psoriatic arthritis and cardioprotective effects of biologic DMARDs: A propensity-matched analysis","volume":"16","author":"Krajewski","year":"2026","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1097\/RHU.0000000000000721","article-title":"Increased prevalence of metabolic syndrome and adipocytokine levels in a psoriatic arthritis cohort","volume":"24","author":"Feld","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1177\/24755303231180508","article-title":"Correlation between insulin resistance and psoriatic arthritis disease activity: A cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"Yuliasih","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Psoriasis Psoriatic Arthritis"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e005352","DOI":"10.1136\/rmdopen-2024-005352","article-title":"The metabolic score for insulin resistance predicts the risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with psoriatic arthritis: Results from the 10-year prospective CARMA cohort","volume":"11","author":"Plaza","year":"2025","journal-title":"RMD Open"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-0172(73)90035-8","article-title":"Psoriatic arthritis","volume":"3","author":"Moll","year":"1973","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3584","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kead100","article-title":"Association between triglyceride-glucose index and carotid atherosclerosis in patients with psoriatic arthritis","volume":"62","author":"Xie","year":"2023","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khaldi, Y., Skov, L., Zachariae, C., Haulrig, M.B., Astrup, F., Schwarz, C.W., and Loft, N. (2026). Screening practice of cardiovascular risk and psoriatic arthritis among patients with psoriasis in primary care. Dermatology, 1\u20138.","DOI":"10.1159\/000551233"},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"358","article-title":"Assessment of subclinical atherosclerosis in psoriatic arthritis patients without clinically overt cardiovascular disease or traditional atherosclerosis risk factors","volume":"46","author":"Kalyoncu","year":"2018","journal-title":"T\u00fcrk Kardiyol. Derne\u011fi Ar\u015fivi"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.365","article-title":"Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in patients with psoriasis: A population-based study in the United Kingdom","volume":"132","author":"Langan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1002\/art.40389","article-title":"Higher coronary plaque burden in psoriatic arthritis is independent of metabolic syndrome and associated with underlying disease severity","volume":"70","author":"Szentpetery","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2020-217163","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment of psoriatic arthritis: A systematic literature research for the 2019 update of the EULAR recommendations for the management of psoriatic arthritis","volume":"79","author":"Kerschbaumer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2638","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keae080","article-title":"Risk of cardiovascular disease decreases over time in psoriatic arthritis but not in spondylarthritis: Meta-analysis of longitudinal studies","volume":"63","author":"Gouze","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, Y., Wang, J., Sun, X., Liu, L., Wang, Q., Gao, P., Wang, C., Li, F., and Li, X. (2026). Global prevalence of obesity in patients with psoriatic arthritis in the past four decades: An analysis of trends from 1984 to 2024. Obes. Rev., e70088.","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.70088"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152737","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semarthrit.2025.152737","article-title":"Biologic switching in psoriatic arthritis: Insights from real-world data and key risk factors","volume":"73","author":"Haddad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Semin. Arthritis Rheum."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rdc.2025.05.005","article-title":"Novel therapeutic targets in the management of psoriatic disease","volume":"51","author":"Childs","year":"2025","journal-title":"Rheum. Dis. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1817","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2025.2601050","article-title":"Novel pharmacotherapies and breakthroughs in psoriatic arthritis treatment","volume":"26","author":"Arraf","year":"2025","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e45259","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000045259","article-title":"Emerging biological therapies for psoriatic arthritis: A systematic review","volume":"104","author":"Firdous","year":"2025","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamata, M., and Tada, Y. (2020). Efficacy and safety of biologics for psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis and their impact on comorbidities: A literature review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21051690"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1080\/1744666X.2019.1699058","article-title":"Unmet needs in the management of cardiovascular risk in inflammatory joint diseases","volume":"16","author":"Dessein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpcardiol.2022.101131","article-title":"Cardiovascular diseases in the patients with psoriatic arthritis","volume":"48","author":"Akhlaq","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Probl. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.2174\/138161282004140213123505","article-title":"Effects of biologic agents and other disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs on cardiovascular outcomes in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: A systematic review","volume":"20","author":"Armstrong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1759720X241274537","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X241274537","article-title":"Cardiovascular comorbidities in psoriatic arthritis: State of the art","volume":"16","author":"Dey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Musculoskelet. Dis."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2023.01.006","article-title":"Comorbidities in psoriatic arthritis: A narrative review","volume":"45","author":"Panagiotopoulos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Ther."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3069","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-016-3362-2","article-title":"Prevalence of cardiovascular-related comorbidity in ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis in primary care: A matched retrospective cohort study","volume":"35","author":"Ahmed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3432","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/kead610","article-title":"The predictive accuracy of cardiovascular disease risk prediction tools in inflammatory arthritis and psoriasis: An observational validation study using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink","volume":"63","author":"Hughes","year":"2024","journal-title":"Rheumatology"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-025-07325-y","article-title":"External validation of the accuracy of cardiovascular risk prediction tools in psoriatic disease: A UK Biobank study","volume":"44","author":"Hughes","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1111\/1756-185X.14147","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis on prevalence of metabolic syndrome in psoriatic arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis","volume":"24","author":"Loganathan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Rheum. Dis."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ad.2025.104488","article-title":"Evaluation of the risk of psoriatic arthritis in patients with psoriasis undergoing biological treatment: Global Population Study (TRINETX)","volume":"117","author":"Joven","year":"2026","journal-title":"Actas Dermosifiliogr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"946","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.17741","article-title":"Does weight loss reduce the severity and incidence of psoriasis or psoriatic arthritis? A critically appraised topic","volume":"181","author":"Mahil","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."}],"container-title":["Metabolites"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/16\/5\/287\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]],"date-time":"2026-04-22T13:02:37Z","timestamp":1776862957000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/16\/5\/287"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]},"references-count":72,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["metabo16050287"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo16050287","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-1989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-1989","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,22]]}}}