{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T18:05:59Z","timestamp":1785434759371,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778630400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003336","name":"Bulgarian National Science Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KP-06-N56\/9\/12.11.2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KP-06-N56\/9\/12.11.2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003336","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["KP-06-N56\/9\/12.11.2021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KP-06-N56\/9\/12.11.2021"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05eg49r29","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development, and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-33\/2026-03\/200007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-33\/2026-03\/200007"]}]},{"award":["451-03-33\/2026-03\/200007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-33\/2026-03\/200007"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01znas443","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Plants of the genus Nepeta are widely used in ethnomedicine for treating inflammatory disorders due to their rich content of bioactive compounds. This study investigated how extraction temperature specifically affects the bioactive potential of aqueous extracts from wild-grown Nepeta nuda L. Methods: The previously used maceration approach for this plant was applied at 30\u201360 \u00b0C to flowers, leaves, and stems. Phytochemical profiling included spectrophotometric assays, metabolite identification, and quantification. Biological activities reported for this plant were assessed, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antiproliferative, and antibacterial capacities. Results: Extraction yield was highest in flowers and leaves, where it increased significantly with rising temperature, while stems were less productive. All plant organs exhibited notable bioactivity falling into two groups: lower temperatures (30 and 40 \u00b0C) were optimal for antiviral and anti-inflammatory effects, whereas and higher temperatures (50 and 60 \u00b0C) enhanced antioxidant potential. The phytochemical composition, evaluated at representative extraction temperatures, revealed differential accumulation of p-coumaric acid and luteolin in all organs at 40 \u00b0C, while extraction at 60 \u00b0C corresponded to elevated levels of phenolic compounds. Flower extracts were confirmed to have the richest metabolic composition and were therefore subjected to further investigation. Extracts obtained at 40 \u00b0C influenced C1q binding, supporting their anti-inflammatory activity, whereas extraction at 60 \u00b0C resulted in stronger antiproliferative activity in colon cancer cell line. Antibacterial effects were similar at both temperatures. Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of optimizing extraction conditions for future pharmacological applications of N. nuda.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo16050323","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T07:44:26Z","timestamp":1778658266000},"page":"323","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Extraction Temperatures Shape Water-Soluble Metabolite Profiles of Nepeta nuda L. and thus Modulate the Bioactive Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Desislava","family":"Mantovska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Centre of Competence \u201cSustainable Utilization of Bio-Resources and Waste of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants for Innovative Bioactive Products\u201d (BIORESOURCES BG), 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4419-1603","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexandra","family":"Kapogianni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4375-5115","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ginka","family":"Cholakova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3308-4154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivanka","family":"Tsacheva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2058-8983","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anton","family":"Hinkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Detelina","family":"Petrova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7976-7631","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zlatina","family":"Gospodinova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2304-1410","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgi","family":"Antov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Plant Physiology and Genetics, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5419-0773","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danijela","family":"Mi\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Physiology, Institute for Biological Research \u201cSini\u0161a Stankovi\u0107\u201d\u2014National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8131-3364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Krasimir","family":"Rusanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Competence \u201cSustainable Utilization of Bio-Resources and Waste of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants for Innovative Bioactive Products\u201d (BIORESOURCES BG), 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Department of Agrobiotechnology, Agrobioinstitute, Agricultural Academy, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8964-6411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mila","family":"Rusanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agrobiotechnology, Agrobioinstitute, Agricultural Academy, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Research and Development and Innovation Consortium, 1784 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kalina","family":"Shishkova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Momchil","family":"Paunov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6007-6491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhenya","family":"Yordanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"},{"name":"Centre of Competence \u201cSustainable Utilization of Bio-Resources and Waste of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants for Innovative Bioactive Products\u201d (BIORESOURCES BG), 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7333-6558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miroslava","family":"Zhiponova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biology, Sofia University \u201cSt. Kliment Ohridski\u201d, 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, F., and Cheng, Z. 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