{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:56:09Z","timestamp":1787028969830,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK121797"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK121797"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA058933"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA058933"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01HL174521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01HL174521"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31HL175979"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31HL175979"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31HL170972"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31HL170972"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association predoctoral fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["25PRE1374495"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25PRE1374495"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association predoctoral fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK55758"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK55758"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association predoctoral fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK099110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK099110"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association predoctoral fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK127274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK127274"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association predoctoral fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK131537"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK131537"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association predoctoral fellowship","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01AG051459"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01AG051459"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["25PRE1374495"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["25PRE1374495"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013kjyp64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R01DK55758"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK55758"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013kjyp64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R01DK099110"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK099110"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013kjyp64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R01DK127274"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK127274"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013kjyp64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["R01DK131537"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK131537"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013kjyp64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["P01AG051459"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01AG051459"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/013kjyp64","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Signaling mediators of PPAR\u03b3 influence pathways involved in adipogenesis, lipid storage, inflammation, energy-related processes, and glucose utilization. Recent research indicates that PPAR\u03b3 coregulators, recruited or released during ligand binding, govern specific gene pathways. It was recently discovered that G\u03b1q, a heterotrimeric G protein subunit, also signals to PPAR\u03b3 and may significantly affect adipogenesis and glucose sensitivity. Methods: To explore G\u03b1q\u2019s role in adipocytes, we generated CRISPR-mediated G\u03b1q (Gnaq) knockout (Gnaq KO) and scramble control cells from 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Results: The absence of G\u03b1q resulted in increased lipid accumulation and elevated serine 273 (but not serine 112) phosphorylation of PPAR\u03b3. G\u03b1q deficiency also decreased mitochondrial abundance and respiration in response to PPAR\u03b3 ligands such as rosiglitazone, pioglitazone, and troglitazone. RNA sequencing comparing differentiated Gnaq KO and control adipocytes identified over 800 differentially expressed genes, including those associated with enhanced lipid metabolism and reduced inflammation. Corresponding PamGene kinome profiling showed increased serine\/threonine kinase activity and decreased phosphotyrosine kinase signaling in Gnaq KO adipocytes. Conclusions: These findings support G\u03b1q as a regulator of adipocyte function, linking kinase signaling pathways to PPAR\u03b3-mediated transcription. This research provides mechanistic insights into targeting G\u03b1q as a potential treatment for individuals with obesity and metabolic disorders.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo16060418","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]],"date-time":"2026-06-15T15:00:48Z","timestamp":1781535648000},"page":"418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["G\u03b1q Is a Heterotrimeric G-Protein Subunit That Directs the Selectivity of PPAR\u03b3-Induced Gene Pathways Toward Energy-Related Processes Rather than Adiposity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4157-2481","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evelyn A.","family":"Bates","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug & Disease Discovery D3 Research Center, Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40508, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7344-7469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zachary A.","family":"Kipp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug & Disease Discovery D3 Research Center, Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40508, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5258-8318","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wang-Hsin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug & Disease Discovery D3 Research Center, Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40508, USA"},{"name":"Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4593-7708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Genesee J.","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug & Disease Discovery D3 Research Center, Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40508, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7365-7172","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sally N.","family":"Pauss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug & Disease Discovery D3 Research Center, Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40508, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0680-3392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philipp E.","family":"Scherer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Touchstone Diabetes Center, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7599-1529","authenticated-orcid":false,"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Terry D.","family":"Hinds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Drug & Disease Discovery D3 Research Center, Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY 40508, USA"},{"name":"Barnstable Brown Diabetes Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA"},{"name":"Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hong, F., Pan, S., Guo, Y., Xu, P., and Zhai, Y. (2019). PPARs as Nuclear Receptors for Nutrient and Energy Metabolism. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24142545"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Martinez, G.J., Stec, D.E., and Hinds, T.D. (2026). Glucocorticoid resistance-induced inflammation drives cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome pathophysiology. Trends Endocrinol. Metab.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2026.05.004"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156081","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2024.156081","article-title":"Bilirubin bioconversion to urobilin in the gut-liver-kidney axis: A biomarker for insulin resistance in the Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic (CKM) Syndrome","volume":"163","author":"Kipp","year":"2025","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2023.155607","article-title":"Hepatic insulin receptor: New views on the mechanisms of liver disease","volume":"145","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20242825","article-title":"Heme oxygenase, biliverdin reductase, and bilirubin pathways regulate oxidative stress and insulin resistance: A focus on diabetes and therapeutics","volume":"139","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20257571","article-title":"The physiology of MASLD: Molecular pathways between liver and adipose tissues","volume":"139","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-019-1270-y","article-title":"Thiazolidinediones: The Forgotten Diabetes Medications","volume":"19","author":"Lebovitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Diabetes Rep."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2941","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000103683.99399.7E","article-title":"Thiazolidinedione use, fluid retention, and congestive heart failure: A consensus statement from the American Heart Association and American Diabetes Association","volume":"108","author":"Nesto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4810672","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/4810672","article-title":"Deciphering the Roles of Thiazolidinediones and PPARgamma in Bladder Cancer","volume":"2017","author":"Chiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"PPAR Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2025.108363","article-title":"Steroid receptors and coregulators: Dissemination of sex differences and emerging technologies","volume":"301","author":"Pauss","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.3349\/ymj.2013.54.3.545","article-title":"Modulation of the transcriptional activity of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma by protein-protein interactions and post-translational modifications","volume":"54","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Yonsei Med. J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42911","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M111.311662","article-title":"Protein phosphatase 5 mediates lipid metabolism through reciprocal control of glucocorticoid receptor and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma)","volume":"286","author":"Hinds","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9804","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA120.013700","article-title":"Bilirubin remodels murine white adipose tissue by reshaping mitochondrial activity and the coregulator profile of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha","volume":"295","author":"Gordon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Onodera, T., Kim, D.S., Wang, M.Y., Virostek, M., Chen, S., Kipp, Z.A., Bates, E.A., Li, Y., Crewe, C., and Li, C. (2025). A comparison of adiponectin-deficient mice reveals the fundamental role of intracellular adiponectin. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.07.12.664095"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1097\/FPC.0b013e32833b7497","article-title":"A functional GNAQ promoter haplotype is associated with altered Gq expression and with insulin resistance and obesity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Klenke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacogenet. Genom."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamba, S., Felicioni, L., Buttitta, F., Bleeker, F.E., Malatesta, S., Corbo, V., Scarpa, A., Rodolfo, M., Knowles, M., and Frattini, M. (2009). Mutational profile of GNAQQ209 in human tumors. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006833"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6765","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.19.10.6765","article-title":"G alpha-q\/11 protein plays a key role in insulin-induced glucose transport in 3T3-L1 adipocytes","volume":"19","author":"Imamura","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1652","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-29231-6","article-title":"Adipocyte G(q) signaling is a regulator of glucose and lipid homeostasis in mice","volume":"13","author":"Kimura","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6218637","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/6218637","article-title":"Timcodar (VX-853) Is a Non-FKBP12 Binding Macrolide Derivative That Inhibits PPARgamma and Suppresses Adipogenesis","volume":"2016","author":"Hinds","year":"2016","journal-title":"PPAR Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stec, D.E., John, K., Trabbic, C.J., Luniwal, A., Hankins, M.W., Baum, J., and Hinds, T.D. (2016). Bilirubin Binding to PPARalpha Inhibits Lipid Accumulation. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0153427"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1376","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.32467","article-title":"Hepatic kinome atlas: An in-depth identification of kinase pathways in liver fibrosis of humans and rodents","volume":"76","author":"Creeden","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, W.-H., Kipp, Z.A., Pauss, S.N., Martinez, G.J., Xu, M., and Hinds, T.D. (2026). Anatomical Atlas of Kinase Responsiveness to Weight Gain: Adipose Depot Reprogramming in Diet-Induced Adiposity. Metabolites, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo16050318"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2026.111379","article-title":"Kinase signaling in liver disease via clinical-trial-on-a-PamChip: A distinctive methodology for drug mechanisms and personalized medicine","volume":"302","author":"Kipp","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70427","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.202402169R","article-title":"Insulin receptor responsiveness governs TGFbeta-induced hepatic stellate cell activation: Insulin resistance instigates liver fibrosis","volume":"39","author":"Lee","year":"2025","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105691","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbc.2024.105691","article-title":"FOXS1 is increased in liver fibrosis and regulates TGFbeta responsiveness and proliferation pathways in human hepatic stellate cells","volume":"300","author":"Bates","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bates, E.A., Kipp, Z.A., Martinez, G.J., Badmus, O.O., Soundarapandian, M.M., Foster, D., Xu, M., Creeden, J.F., Greer, J.R., and Morris, A.J. (2023). Suppressing Hepatic UGT1A1 Increases Plasma Bilirubin, Lowers Plasma Urobilin, Reorganizes Kinase Signaling Pathways and Lipid Species and Improves Fatty Liver Disease. Biomolecules, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom13020252"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R81","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00057.2023","article-title":"Loss of hepatic PPARalpha in mice causes hypertension and cardiovascular disease","volume":"325","author":"Badmus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Regul. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"DePasquale, E.A.K., Alganem, K., Bentea, E., Nawreen, N., McGuire, J.L., Tomar, T., Naji, F., Hilhorst, R., Meller, J., and McCullumsmith, R.E. (2021). KRSA: An R package and R Shiny web application for an end-to-end upstream kinase analysis of kinome array data. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260440"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-9036-8_13","article-title":"Profiling Activity of Cellular Kinases in Migrating T-Cells","volume":"1930","author":"Chirumamilla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Creeden, J.F., Alganem, K., Imami, A.S., Brunicardi, F.C., Liu, S.H., Shukla, R., Tomar, T., Naji, F., and McCullumsmith, R.E. (2020). Kinome Array Profiling of Patient-Derived Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Identifies Differentially Active Protein Tyrosine Kinases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228679"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cels.2018.07.001","article-title":"Coral: Clear and Customizable Visualization of Human Kinome Data","volume":"7","author":"Metz","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Syst."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eid, S., Turk, S., Volkamer, A., Rippmann, F., and Fulle, S. (2017). KinMap: A web-based tool for interactive navigation through human kinome data. BMC Bioinform., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12859-016-1433-7"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2018-00149","article-title":"Profiling of 3696 Nuclear Receptor-Coregulator Interactions: A Resource for Biological and Clinical Discovery","volume":"159","author":"Broekema","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2014-1022","article-title":"FKBP51 controls cellular adipogenesis through p38 kinase-mediated phosphorylation of GRalpha and PPARgamma","volume":"28","author":"Stechschulte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1254","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2014-1023","article-title":"FKBP51 reciprocally regulates GRalpha and PPARgamma activation via the Akt-p38 pathway","volume":"28","author":"Stechschulte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10811","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.16.10811","article-title":"Regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma activity by mitogen-activated protein kinase","volume":"272","author":"Camp","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dias, M.M.G., Batista, F.A.H., Tittanegro, T.H., de Oliveira, A.G., Le Maire, A., Torres, F.R., Filho, H.V.R., Silveira, L.R., and Figueira, A.C.M. (2020). PPARgamma S273 Phosphorylation Modifies the Dynamics of Coregulator Proteins Recruitment. Front. Endocrinol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.561256"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-023-01242-8","article-title":"Mechanisms Linking Metabolic-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD) to Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"25","author":"Badmus","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2023.101815","article-title":"Loss of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1a reduces docosahexaenoic acid-containing phospholipids and drives sexually dimorphic liver disease in mice","volume":"78","author":"Zelows","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2004.10.018","article-title":"The role of MAPKs in adipocyte differentiation and obesity","volume":"87","author":"Bost","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2005.09.003","article-title":"Cdk4 promotes adipogenesis through PPARgamma activation","volume":"2","author":"Abella","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-024-02080-z","article-title":"Cyclin-dependent protein kinases and cell cycle regulation in biology and disease","volume":"10","author":"Pellarin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2321","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M114.594952","article-title":"Phosphorylation and inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase 3beta (GSK3beta) by dual-specificity tyrosine phosphorylation-regulated kinase 1A (Dyrk1A)","volume":"290","author":"Song","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111323","article-title":"Src family kinases involved in the differentiation of human preadipocytes","volume":"533","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512926","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/512926","article-title":"The role of Src kinase in macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses","volume":"2012","author":"Byeon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1111\/gtc.12340","article-title":"Src family kinases suppress differentiation of brown adipocytes and browning of white adipocytes","volume":"21","author":"Usui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genes Cells"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dev155861","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.155861","article-title":"PDGFRalpha\/PDGFRbeta signaling balance modulates progenitor cell differentiation into white and beige adipocytes","volume":"145","author":"Gao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s12257-020-0023-8","article-title":"Roles of Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor in White and Brown Adipocytes","volume":"25","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.1340505","article-title":"Transcriptional feedback control of insulin receptor by dFOXO\/FOXO1","volume":"19","author":"Puig","year":"2005","journal-title":"Genes Dev."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22179","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1909016116","article-title":"Quantitative structural assessment of graded receptor agonism","volume":"116","author":"Shang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1050","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.107.158998","article-title":"Regulation of macrophage functions by PPAR-alpha, PPAR-gamma, and LXRs in mice and men","volume":"28","author":"Rigamonti","year":"2008","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10383","article-title":"Antidiabetic actions of a non-agonist PPARgamma ligand blocking Cdk5-mediated phosphorylation","volume":"477","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09291","article-title":"Anti-diabetic drugs inhibit obesity-linked phosphorylation of PPARgamma by Cdk5","volume":"466","author":"Choi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(02)01529-2","article-title":"Troglitazone-induced liver failure: A case study","volume":"114","author":"Graham","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Donohoe, F., Wilkinson, M., Baxter, E., and Brennan, D.J. (2020). Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) and Obesity-Related Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21041241"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16365","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1411086111","article-title":"c-Abl tyrosine kinase promotes adipocyte differentiation by targeting PPAR-gamma 2","volume":"111","author":"Keshet","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24503","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M113.455733","article-title":"c-Abl-dependent molecular circuitry involving Smad5 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase regulates bone morphogenetic protein-2-induced osteogenesis","volume":"288","author":"Mandal","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.101006","article-title":"Discoidin domain receptor 1-deletion ameliorates fibrosis and promotes adipose tissue beiging, brown fat activity, and increased metabolic rate in a mouse model of cardiometabolic disease","volume":"39","author":"Lino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."}],"container-title":["Metabolites"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/16\/6\/418\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,24]],"date-time":"2026-06-24T01:31:48Z","timestamp":1782264708000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/16\/6\/418"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["metabo16060418"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo16060418","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-1989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-1989","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,15]]}}}