{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,11]],"date-time":"2026-10-11T13:15:16Z","timestamp":1791724516571,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784592000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D5000230122"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D5000230122"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Technology Foundation for Selected Overseas Chinese Scholars in Shaanxi Province","award":["2025004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025004"]}]},{"name":"Shaanxi Provincial Social Science Fund","award":["2025Q009)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2025Q009)"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Objective body-fluid biomarkers may help characterize exercise-induced physical fatigue; however, heterogeneity in exercise protocols, biological matrices, and analytical platforms complicates biomarker interpretation. Purpose: This study aimed to identify candidate acute exercise-responsive metabolic biomarkers associated with physical fatigue assessment by integrating conventional biomarker evidence, exercise-related metabolomics, and exploratory targeted Liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (LC-MS) analysis. Methods: We conducted three complementary analyses: (1) a systematic review and random-effects meta-analysis of quantitative biomarkers measured in body-fluid matrices, including blood, plasma, serum, saliva, sweat, urine, and interstitial fluid, at pre-exercise and post-exercise time points; (2) a descriptive fold-change-based synthesis of exercise-related metabolomics studies; and (3) an exploratory paired plasma\u2013saliva liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry pilot analysis in seven apparently healthy young male volunteers. Eligible studies included apparently healthy human participants without reported acute or chronic diseases, major injuries, pregnancy, or clinically diagnosed pathological fatigue, undergoing endurance, resistance, high-intensity interval, or mixed exercise protocols. Biomarkers reported in \u226510 independent comparisons were pooled using log-transformed post-exercise\/pre-exercise response ratios. Results: The systematic review and meta-analysis included 110 articles, 129 experiments, and 1826 participants. Lactate showed the strongest pooled response after exercise (response ratio = 4.43, 95% CI: 3.74\u20135.25, p &lt; 0.00001; I2 = 98%), followed by IL-6 (2.15, 95% CI: 1.50\u20133.07, p &lt; 0.0001; I2 = 87%), CK (1.70, 95% CI: 1.56\u20131.86, p &lt; 0.00001; I2 = 90%), and LDH (1.23, 95% CI: 1.11\u20131.35, p &lt; 0.0001; I2 = 93%). Metabolomics synthesis identified lactate, pyruvate, hypoxanthine and xanthine as frequently reported exercise-responsive metabolites related to glycolysis and purine degradation. Exploratory LC-MS analysis showed consistent directional changes in these metabolites in paired plasma and saliva samples. Conclusions: Lactate, pyruvate, hypoxanthine, and xanthine represent candidate metabolism-based acute exercise-responsive biomarkers associated with physical fatigue. However, their fatigue specificity remains to be established and requires validation using independent fatigue criteria, non-fatiguing exercise controls, matrix-specific analyses, and adequately powered diverse cohorts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo16070509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T15:17:52Z","timestamp":1784647072000},"page":"509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Candidate Metabolic Biomarkers for Physical Fatigue Assessment: An Integrative Meta-Analysis and Exploratory Liquid Chromatography\u2013Mass Spectrometry Pilot Study of Acute Exercise Responses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6006-582X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lintao","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Terahertz Biomedical Interdisciplinary Joint Research Center, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhui","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Terahertz Biomedical Interdisciplinary Joint Research Center, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6706-375X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pengyu","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingrong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Terahertz Biomedical Interdisciplinary Joint Research Center, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Menglu","family":"Pi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Terahertz Biomedical Interdisciplinary Joint Research Center, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruilin","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Terahertz Biomedical Interdisciplinary Joint Research Center, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuehao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Terahertz Biomedical Interdisciplinary Joint Research Center, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hangfei","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Terahertz Biomedical Interdisciplinary Joint Research Center, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-3963-0189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chunyu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Terahertz Biomedical Interdisciplinary Joint Research Center, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhonghuan","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Terahertz Biomedical Interdisciplinary Joint Research Center, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zifeng","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Terahertz Biomedical Interdisciplinary Joint Research Center, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hange","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Terahertz Biomedical Interdisciplinary Joint Research Center, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiashuai","family":"Tong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Terahertz Biomedical Interdisciplinary Joint Research Center, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0128-1409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhihao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Terahertz Biomedical Interdisciplinary Joint Research Center, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7053-5447","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ye","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Terahertz Biomedical Interdisciplinary Joint Research Center, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0740-9218","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Airong","family":"Qian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Life Science and Technology, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Terahertz Biomedical Interdisciplinary Joint Research Center, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Xi\u2019an Key Laboratory of Special Medicine and Health Engineering, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"},{"name":"Key Lab for Space Biosciences and Biotechnology, Xi\u2019an 710072, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2018.10.024","article-title":"Fatigue and its management in the workplace","volume":"96","author":"Caldwell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200939050-00005","article-title":"Exercise and fatigue","volume":"39","author":"Ament","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.2165\/11590550-000000000-00000","article-title":"Repeated-sprint ability\u2014Part I: Factors contributing to fatigue","volume":"41","author":"Girard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2345","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-023-05270-9","article-title":"Exercise and fatigue: Integrating the role of K(+), Na(+) and Cl(\u2212) in the regulation of sarcolemmal excitability of skeletal muscle","volume":"123","author":"Renaud","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meihua, S., Jiahui, J., Yujia, L., Shuang, Z., and Jingjing, Z. (2023). Research on sweat metabolomics of athlete\u2019s fatigue induced by high intensity interval training. Front. Physiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1269885"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bustos, D., Guedes, J.C., Vaz, M.P., Pombo, E., Fernandes, R.J., Costa, J.T., and Baptista, J.S. (2021). Non-Invasive Physiological Monitoring for Physical Exertion and Fatigue Assessment in Military Personnel: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18168815"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-019-0431-7","article-title":"Sleep in the United States Military","volume":"45","author":"Good","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bustos, D., Cardoso, F., Rios, M., Vaz, M., Guedes, J., Torres Costa, J., Santos Baptista, J., and Fernandes, R.J. (2022). Machine Learning Approach to Model Physical Fatigue during Incremental Exercise among Firefighters. Sensors, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/s23010194"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsr.2019.12.015","article-title":"Detecting fatigue in car drivers and aircraft pilots by using non-invasive measures: The value of differentiation of sleepiness and mental fatigue","volume":"72","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Saf. Res."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wen, C.C.Y., Cherian, D., Schenker, M.T., and Jordan, A.S. (2023). Fatigue and Sleep in Airline Cabin Crew: A Scoping Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph20032652"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2210843","DOI":"10.1080\/07853890.2023.2210843","article-title":"Impact of sleep-wake features on fatigue among female shift work nurses","volume":"55","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S227","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2016-0434","article-title":"Monitoring Fatigue Status in Elite Team-Sport Athletes: Implications for Practice","volume":"12","author":"Thorpe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"066021","DOI":"10.1088\/1741-2552\/aca1e2","article-title":"EEG-based mental fatigue detection using linear prediction cepstral coefficients and Riemann spatial covariance matrix","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Neural Eng."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allik, A., Pilt, K., Viigim\u00e4e, M., Fridolin, I., and Jervan, G. (2022). A Novel Physical Fatigue Assessment Method Utilizing Heart Rate Variability and Pulse Arrival Time towards Personalized Feedback with Wearable Sensors. Sensors, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/s22041680"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2017.11.005","article-title":"EMG amplitude, fatigue threshold, and time to task failure: A meta-analysis","volume":"21","author":"McCrary","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"379","article-title":"Testing of features for fatigue detection in EOG","volume":"28","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Mater. Eng."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.2165\/00007256-200636040-00001","article-title":"Lactic acid and exercise performance: Culprit or friend?","volume":"36","author":"Cairns","year":"2006","journal-title":"Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhang, Y.D., and Wang, L.N. (2024). Research progress in the treatment of chronic fatigue syndrome through interventions targeting the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis. Front. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2024.1373748"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Soler-L\u00f3pez, A., Moreno-Villanueva, A., G\u00f3mez-Carmona, C.D., and Pino-Ortega, J. (2024). The Role of Biomarkers in Monitoring Chronic Fatigue Among Male Professional Team Athletes: A Systematic Review. Sensors, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/s24216862"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000001390","article-title":"Individual Patterns in Blood-Borne Indicators of Fatigue-Trait or Chance","volume":"31","author":"Julian","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Strength. Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tem.2017.10.011","article-title":"Molecular Regulation of Fatty Acid Oxidation in Skeletal Muscle during Aerobic Exercise","volume":"29","author":"Lundsgaard","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1007\/s10545-010-9061-2","article-title":"A general introduction to the biochemistry of mitochondrial fatty acid \u03b2-oxidation","volume":"33","author":"Houten","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Inherit. Metab. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-19-0216","article-title":"Hormonal and metabolic substrate status in response to exercise in men of different phenotype","volume":"8","author":"Chycki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muscella, A., Stef\u00e0no, E., Lunetti, P., Capobianco, L., and Marsigliante, S. (2020). The Regulation of Fat Metabolism During Aerobic Exercise. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10121699"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gnoni, A., Longo, S., Gnoni, G.V., and Giudetti, A.M. (2020). Carnitine in Human Muscle Bioenergetics: Can Carnitine Supplementation Improve Physical Exercise?. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25010182"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/0026-0495(73)90269-2","article-title":"The glucose-alanine cycle","volume":"22","author":"Felig","year":"1973","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finsterer, J. (2012). Biomarkers of peripheral muscle fatigue during exercise. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2474-13-218"},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"600","article-title":"Circadian rhythms in exercise performance: Implications for hormonal and muscular adaptation","volume":"10","author":"Teo","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.3390\/physiologia3040046","article-title":"Time-Course of Recovery for Biomarkers and Physical Performance after Strenuous Military Training: A Systematic Review","volume":"3","author":"Granlund","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiologia"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2023.e19636","article-title":"Narrative review: The role of circadian rhythm on sports performance, hormonal regulation, immune system function, and injury prevention in athletes","volume":"9","author":"Nobari","year":"2023","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n71","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n71","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-021-00454-0","article-title":"Mitochondria-targeted antioxidant supplementation improves 8\u2009km time trial performance in middle-aged trained male cyclists","volume":"18","author":"Broome","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-016-0132-0","article-title":"Acute Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) supplementation does not alleviate physical fatigue during exercise: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial","volume":"13","author":"Chang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e15835","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.15835","article-title":"Effects of heat-killed Lactiplantibacillus plantarum TWK10 on exercise performance, fatigue, and muscle growth in healthy male adults","volume":"11","author":"Cheng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1785","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200211000-00015","article-title":"Caffeine is ergogenic after supplementation of oral creatine monohydrate","volume":"34","author":"Doherty","year":"2002","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fornaziero, A.M., Novack, L.F., Nascimento, V.B., and Osiecki, R. (2023). Acute Responses of Youth Elite Players to a Football Match in Terms of Blood Markers. Sports, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports11120242"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fye, H., Pass, C., Dickman, K., Bredahl, E., Eckerson, J., and Siedlik, J. (2021). The Effect of a Multi-Ingredient Pre-Workout Supplement on Time to Fatigue in NCAA Division I Cross-Country Athletes. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13061823"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.2478\/hukin-2022-0034","article-title":"Effect of Beta-Alanine Supplementation on Exercise-Induced Cell Damage and Lactate Accumulation in Female Basketball Players: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study","volume":"83","author":"Gholami","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5327","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i34.5327","article-title":"American ginseng supplementation attenuates creatine kinase level induced by submaximal exercise in human beings","volume":"11","author":"Hsu","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000222845.89262.cd","article-title":"Muscle and blood metabolites during a soccer game: Implications for sprint performance","volume":"38","author":"Krustrup","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2041","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-023-05167-7","article-title":"Fatiguing freestyle swimming modifies miRNA profiles of circulating extracellular vesicles in athletes","volume":"123","author":"Lai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lobo, L.F., de Morais, M.G., Marcucci-Barbosa, L.S., Martins-Junior, F.A.D., Avelar, L.M., Vieira, E.L.M., Aidar, F.J., Wanner, S.P., Silva, L.S., and Noman, M.C. (2022). A Single Bout of Fatiguing Aerobic Exercise Induces Similar Pronounced Immunological Responses in Both Sexes. Front. Physiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2022.833580"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mekonen, W., Schwaberger, G., Lamprecht, M., and Hofmann, P. (2023). Whole Body Substrate Metabolism during Different Exercise Intensities with Special Emphasis on Blood Protein Changes in Trained Subjects-A Pilot Study. J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jfmk8030102"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesf.2024.04.005","article-title":"Effects of mild hyperbaric oxygen therapy on timing sequence recovery of muscle fatigue in chinese university male athletes","volume":"22","author":"Qu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Exerc. Sci. Fit."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ruan, Y., Xiang, K.F., Zhang, H.M., Qin, Z., Sun, Y., Wan, J.J., Gu, W., and Liu, X. (2022). Orosomucoid: A promising biomarker for the assessment of exercise-induced fatigue triggered by basic combat training. BMC Sports Sci. Med. Rehabil., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13102-022-00490-6"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santana, J.O., de Freitas, M.C., Dos Santos, D.M., Rossi, F.E., Lira, F.S., Rosa-Neto, J.C., and Caperuto, E.C. (2018). Beta-Alanine Supplementation Improved 10-km Running Time Trial in Physically Active Adults. Front. Physiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2018.01105"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2414871","DOI":"10.1080\/15502783.2024.2414871","article-title":"Acute ingestion of caffeinated chewing gum reduces fatigue index and improves 400-meter performance in trained sprinters: A double-blind crossover trial","volume":"21","author":"Shiu","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.23736\/S0022-4707.18.09051-5","article-title":"Kayaking performance is altered in mentally fatigued young elite athletes","volume":"59","author":"Staiano","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1123\/ijspp.2014-0603","article-title":"Pacing Strategy, Muscle Fatigue, and Technique in 1500-m Speed-Skating and Cycling Time Trials","volume":"11","author":"Stoter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Physiol. Perform."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0000235354.86189.7e","article-title":"Fatigue induced by a cross-country skiing KO sprint","volume":"38","author":"Zory","year":"2006","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/15502783.2022.2041988","article-title":"Effects of short-term betaine supplementation on muscle endurance and indices of endocrine function following acute high-intensity resistance exercise in young athletes","volume":"19","author":"Arazi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.1055\/a-2318-1880","article-title":"Inhalation of Hydrogen-rich Gas before Acute Exercise Alleviates Exercise Fatigue: A Randomized Crossover Study","volume":"45","author":"Dong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2775","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000496","article-title":"Blood ammonia and lactate as markers of muscle metabolites during leg press exercise","volume":"28","author":"Gorostiaga","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Strength. Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181bac43c","article-title":"Hormonal responses to resistance exercise after ingestion of carnosine and anserine","volume":"25","author":"Goto","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Strength. Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204083","DOI":"10.1080\/15502783.2023.2204083","article-title":"Effects of different phenylcapsaicin doses on resistance training performance, muscle damage, protein breakdown, metabolic response, ratings of perceived exertion, and recovery: A randomized, triple-blinded, placebo-controlled, crossover trial","volume":"20","author":"Colado","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1007\/s10103-008-0592-9","article-title":"Effect of 830 nm low-level laser therapy in exercise-induced skeletal muscle fatigue in humans","volume":"24","author":"Vanin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lasers Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.20810","article-title":"Effect of cluster multi-diode light emitting diode therapy (LEDT) on exercise-induced skeletal muscle fatigue and skeletal muscle recovery in humans","volume":"41","author":"Rossi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2010.3294","article-title":"Effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in the development of exercise-induced skeletal muscle fatigue and changes in biochemical markers related to postexercise recovery","volume":"40","author":"Frigo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15080","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-66146-2","article-title":"Effect of rest duration between sets on fatigue and recovery after short intense plyometric exercise","volume":"14","author":"Staniszewski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.5114\/jhk\/185524","article-title":"Fatigue and Metabolic Responses during Repeated Sets of Bench Press Exercise to Exhaustion at Different Ranges of Motion","volume":"91","author":"Tsoukos","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tsuda, Y., Yamaguchi, M., Noma, T., Okaya, E., and Itoh, H. (2019). Combined Effect of Arginine, Valine, and Serine on Exercise-Induced Fatigue in Healthy Volunteers: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Study. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040862"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varela-Olalla, D., Romero-Caballero, A., Del Campo-Vecino, J., and Balsalobre-Fernandez, C. (2020). A Cluster Set Protocol in the Half Squat Exercise Reduces Mechanical Fatigue and Lactate Concentrations in Comparison with A Traditional Set Configuration. Sports, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports8040045"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3182948110","article-title":"The metabolic, hormonal, biochemical, and neuromuscular function responses to a backward sled drag training session","volume":"28","author":"West","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Strength. Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, B., Yao, S., Zhang, J., Li, C., Han, T., Hu, Q., and Lv, K. (2025). Effects of asymmetric load bench press offset training on muscle activation levels and exercise-induced fatigue in collegiate bodybuilders. Front. Physiol., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2025.1592477"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.10249","article-title":"Microdialysis and electromyography of experimental muscle fatigue in healthy volunteers and patients with mitochondrial myopathy","volume":"26","author":"Axelson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Muscle Nerve"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bekris, E., Bourdas, D.I., Mylonis, E., Ispirlidis, I., Zacharakis, E.D., and Katis, A. (2022). Effect of 3 vs. 3 Soccer Small-Sided Game on Various Performance, Inflammatory, Muscle Damage and Hormonal Indicators in Semi-Professional Players. Sports, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports10070102"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-016-0140-0","article-title":"Branched-chain amino acids, arginine, citrulline alleviate central fatigue after 3 simulated matches in taekwondo athletes: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2857","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002661","article-title":"Acute Effects of Battle Rope Exercise on Performance, Blood Lactate Levels, Perceived Exertion, and Muscle Soreness in Collegiate Basketball Players","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Strength. Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cimadevilla-Fern\u00e1ndez-Pola, E., Mart\u00ednez-Rold\u00e1n, C., Mat\u00e9-Mu\u00f1oz, J.L., Guodemar-P\u00e9rez, J., S\u00e1nchez-Calabuig, M.A., Garc\u00eda-Fern\u00e1ndez, P., Herv\u00e1s-P\u00e9rez, J.P., and Hern\u00e1ndez-Lougedo, J. (2024). Effects of \u03b2-Alanine Supplementation on Subjects Performing High-Intensity Functional Training. Nutrients, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16142340"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2837","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-011-1896-1","article-title":"Effect of L-ornithine hydrochloride ingestion on intermittent maximal anaerobic cycle ergometer performance and fatigue recovery after exercise","volume":"111","author":"Demura","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1642","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0000000000001959","article-title":"Neuromuscular Fatigue and Metabolism during High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise","volume":"51","author":"Fiorenza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1123\/ijsnem.23.6.562","article-title":"The effect of beta-alanine supplementation on isokinetic force and cycling performance in highly trained cyclists","volume":"23","author":"Howe","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. J. Sport. Nutr. Exerc. Metab."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23259671231171859","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671231171859","article-title":"Landing Posture in Elite Female Athletes During a Drop Vertical Jump Before and After a High-Intensity Ergometer Fatigue Protocol: A Study of 20 Japanese Women\u2019s Soccer League Players","volume":"11","author":"Kamitani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Orthop. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Konidari, Z., Smilios, I., Mougios, V., and Bogdanis, G.C. (2025). Effects of an Acute High Dose of Caffeine on Physiological Responses and Performance During a Strength-Focused CrossFit(\u00ae) Workout: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Crossover Study. Nutrients, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu17091419"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kunz, P., Zinner, C., Holmberg, H.C., and Sperlich, B. (2019). Intra- and Post-match Time-Course of Indicators Related to Perceived and Performance Fatigability and Recovery in Elite Youth Soccer Players. Front. Physiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2019.01383"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.2478\/v10078-011-0024-y","article-title":"Changes of reaction time and blood lactate concentration of elite volleyball players during a game","volume":"28","author":"Mroczek","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2640","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000424","article-title":"Analysis of fatigue development during elite male handball matches","volume":"28","author":"Seabra","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Strength. Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1139\/h11-073","article-title":"Effects of high-dose large neutral amino acid supplementation on exercise, motor skill, and mental performance in Australian Rules Football players","volume":"36","author":"Stepto","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.5114\/jhk\/183537","article-title":"The Utility of High-Intensity, Intermittent Exercise Protocols to Induce Fatigue for Screening Purposes in Jump-Landing Sports","volume":"93","author":"Vermeulen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2014347","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/2014347","article-title":"The Usefulness of Performing Biochemical Tests in the Saliva of Kickboxing Athletes in the Dynamic of Training","volume":"2019","author":"Volodchenko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000677","article-title":"The effect of on-hill active recovery performed between runs on blood lactate concentration and fatigue in alpine ski racers","volume":"29","author":"White","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Strength. Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Q., Fang, G., Zhao, J., and Liu, J. (2022). Effect of Transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation on Fatigue Delay after Medium-Intensity Training. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19127042"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000386","article-title":"Recovery effects of repeated exposures to normobaric hyperoxia on local muscle fatigue","volume":"28","author":"Yokoi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Strength. Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2464","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000002356","article-title":"The Effect of Citrulline Malate Supplementation on Muscle Fatigue Among Healthy Participants","volume":"33","author":"Farney","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Strength. Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"793","DOI":"10.3233\/BMR-181347","article-title":"Effects of mechanical bed massage on biochemical markers of exercise-induced back muscle fatigue in athletes: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"33","author":"Zhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Back. Musculoskelet. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e31815b8497","article-title":"Neuromuscular fatigue and recovery in elite female soccer: Effects of active recovery","volume":"40","author":"Andersson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13367","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13367","article-title":"How training loads in the preparation and competitive period affect the biochemical indicators of training stress in youth soccer players?","volume":"10","author":"Andrzejewski","year":"2022","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2015.5863","article-title":"The use of compression stockings during a marathon competition to reduce exercise-induced muscle damage: Are they really useful?","volume":"45","author":"Areces","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Sports Phys. Ther."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0000000000000746","article-title":"Effects of successive judo matches on fatigue and muscle damage markers","volume":"29","author":"Detanico","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Strength. Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hecksteden, A., Skorski, S., Schwindling, S., Hammes, D., Pfeiffer, M., Kellmann, M., Ferrauti, A., and Meyer, T. (2016). Blood-Borne Markers of Fatigue in Competitive Athletes\u2014Results from Simulated Training Camps. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0148810"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jshs.2016.05.005","article-title":"Effects of Rhodiola rosea supplementation on mental performance, physical capacity, and oxidative stress biomarkers in healthy men","volume":"7","author":"Jowko","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Sport. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1080\/15438627.2022.2122826","article-title":"Effects of ibuprofen during 42-km trail running on oxidative stress, muscle fatigue, muscle damage and performance: A randomized controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Moreno","year":"2024","journal-title":"Res. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-200006000-00005","article-title":"Cardiac fatigue following prolonged endurance exercise of differing distances","volume":"32","author":"Whyte","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiewelhove, T., Schneider, C., D\u00f6weling, A., Hanakam, F., Rasche, C., Meyer, T., Kellmann, M., Pfeiffer, M., and Ferrauti, A. (2018). Effects of different recovery strategies following a half-marathon on fatigue markers in recreational runners. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0207313"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-017-3757-z","article-title":"Recovery following a marathon: A comparison of cold water immersion, whole body cryotherapy and a placebo control","volume":"118","author":"Wilson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1550-2783-7-33","article-title":"Sodium bicarbonate supplementation prevents skilled tennis performance decline after a simulated match","volume":"7","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2008.06.007","article-title":"Supplementation with a whey protein hydrolysate enhances recovery of muscle force-generating capacity following eccentric exercise","volume":"13","author":"Buckley","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Sci. Med. Sport."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-021-00449-x","article-title":"Broad Spectrum Polyphenol Supplementation from Tart Cherry Extract on Markers of Recovery from Intense Resistance Exercise","volume":"18","author":"Hooper","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2953","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e318243ff21","article-title":"Rapid increase in training load affects markers of skeletal muscle damage and mechanical performance","volume":"26","author":"Kamandulis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Strength. Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2641","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.60726","article-title":"Evaluation of the Efficacy of Supplementation with Planox\u00ae Lemon Verbena Extract in Improving Oxidative Stress and Muscle Damage: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Trial","volume":"18","author":"Lee","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-023-00859-4","article-title":"Matcha green tea beverage moderates fatigue and supports resistance training-induced adaptation","volume":"22","author":"Shigeta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3376","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3182474687","article-title":"Longitudinal follow-up of biochemical markers of fatigue throughout a sporting season in young elite rugby players","volume":"26","author":"Alaphilippe","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Strength. Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boukhris, O., Trabelsi, K., Abdessalem, R., Hsouna, H., Ammar, A., Glenn, J.M., Bott, N., Irandoust, K., Taheri, M., and Turki, M. (2020). Effects of the 5-m Shuttle Run Test on Markers of Muscle Damage, Inflammation, and Fatigue in Healthy Male Athletes. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17124375"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1515\/hukin-2017-0129","article-title":"Fatigue Responses in Various Muscle Groups in Well-Trained Competitive Male Players after a Simulated Soccer Game","volume":"61","author":"Fransson","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-017-1401-7","article-title":"A low-dose, 6-week bovine colostrum supplementation maintains performance and attenuates inflammatory indices following a Loughborough Intermittent Shuttle Test in soccer players","volume":"57","author":"Kotsis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2003.007690","article-title":"Position related analysis of the appearance of and relationship between post-match physical and mental fatigue in university rugby football players","volume":"38","author":"Mashiko","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11924","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-69280-9","article-title":"Reliability and suitability of physiological exercise response and recovery markers","volume":"10","author":"Reichel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Da Silva, B.V.C., Simim, M.A.M., da Silva, R.B., Mendes, E.L., Ide, B.N., Marocolo, M., Martin, J.S., and Mota, G.R. (2020). Time Course of Recovery for Performance Attributes and Circulating Markers of Muscle Damage Following a Rugby Union Match in Amateur Athletes. Sports, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/sports8050064"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1515\/hukin-2017-0093","article-title":"Association between Match Activity Variables, Measures of Fatigue and Neuromuscular Performance Capacity Following Elite Competitive Soccer Matches","volume":"60","author":"Varley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radziminski, L., Jastrzebski, Z., Lopez-Sanchez, G.F., Szwarc, A., Duda, H., Stula, A., Paszulewicz, J., and Dragos, P. (2020). Relationships between Training Loads and Selected Blood Parameters in Professional Soccer Players during a 12-Day Sports Camp. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17228580"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wiewelhove, T., Raeder, C., Meyer, T., Kellmann, M., Pfeiffer, M., and Ferrauti, A. (2015). Markers for Routine Assessment of Fatigue and Recovery in Male and Female Team Sport Athletes during High-Intensity Interval Training. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0139801"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/s40798-018-0143-2","article-title":"The Psychophysiological Regulation of Pacing Behaviour and Performance Fatigability During Long-Distance Running with Locomotor Muscle Fatigue and Exercise-Induced Muscle Damage in Highly Trained Runners","volume":"4","author":"Venhorst","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sports Med. Open"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1296","DOI":"10.1249\/01.MSS.0000078934.07213.25","article-title":"Acupuncture and responses of immunologic and endocrine markers during competition","volume":"35","author":"Akimoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Balsalobre-Fern\u00e1ndez, C., Tejero-Gonz\u00e1lez, C.M., and del Campo-Vecino, J. (2014). Relationships between training load, salivary cortisol responses and performance during season training in middle and long distance runners. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0106066"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1515\/hukin-2017-0130","article-title":"Urinary Steroid Profile in Ironman Triathletes","volume":"61","author":"Olcina","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hum. Kinet."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0b013e31803174a8","article-title":"Carbohydrate attenuates perceived exertion during intermittent exercise and recovery","volume":"39","author":"Utter","year":"2007","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e3181fef8e7","article-title":"Plasma and salivary steroid hormone responses of men to high-intensity cycling and resistance exercise","volume":"25","author":"Hough","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Strength. Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"559","article-title":"Effects of Acute Loading Induced Fatigability, Acute Serum Hormone Responses and Training Volume to Individual Hypertrophy and Maximal Strength during 10 Weeks of Strength Training","volume":"22","author":"Ahtiainen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci. Med."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-009-1146-y","article-title":"The effect of anaerobic exercise on salivary cortisol, testosterone and immunoglobulin (A) in boys aged 15\u201316 years","volume":"107","author":"Thomas","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Appl. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2001-11358","article-title":"Muscle soreness and damage parameters after prolonged intermittent shuttle-running following acute vitamin C supplementation","volume":"22","author":"Thompson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Sports Med."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fernandez-Lazaro, D., Mielgo-Ayuso, J., Del Valle Soto, M., Adams, D.P., Gonzalez-Bernal, J.J., and Seco-Calvo, J. (2021). The Effects of 6 Weeks of Tribulus terrestris L. Supplementation on Body Composition, Hormonal Response, Perceived Exertion, and CrossFit((R)) Performance: A Randomized, Single-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13113969"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S671","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818943b3","article-title":"Female marine recruit training: Mood, body composition, and biochemical changes","volume":"40","author":"Lieberman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1519\/JSC.0b013e31816d4542","article-title":"Determination of urine steroid profile in untrained men to evaluate recovery after a strength training session","volume":"22","author":"Timon","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Strength. Cond. Res."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12970-015-0067-x","article-title":"Glutathione supplementation suppresses muscle fatigue induced by prolonged exercise via improved aerobic metabolism","volume":"12","author":"Aoi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Int. Soc. Sports Nutr."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2021.155583","article-title":"Effect of acute caffeine supplementation before intermittent high-intensity exercise on cytokine levels and psychobiological parameters: A randomized, cross-over, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"144","author":"Campos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1167","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-009-3289-4","article-title":"(1)H NMR-based metabolomics approach for exploring urinary metabolome modifications after acute and chronic physical exercise","volume":"396","author":"Enea","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6405","DOI":"10.1021\/pr100684t","article-title":"(1)H NMR-based metabonomic investigation of the effect of two different exercise sessions on the metabolic fingerprint of human urine","volume":"9","author":"Pechlivanis","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4577","DOI":"10.1021\/pr400717j","article-title":"Serum metabolic signatures induced by a three-day intensified exercise period persist after 14 h of recovery in runners","volume":"12","author":"Nieman","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1120","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2013-0546","article-title":"Metabolomics of salivary fatigue markers in soccer players after consecutive games","volume":"39","author":"Ra","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mukherjee, K., Edgett, B.A., Burrows, H.W., Castro, C., Griffin, J.L., Schwertani, A.G., Gurd, B.J., and Funk, C.D. (2014). Whole blood transcriptomics and urinary metabolomics to define adaptive biochemical pathways of high-intensity exercise in 50-60 year old masters athletes. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0092031"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E539","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00276.2014","article-title":"Metabolic and hormonal responses to isoenergetic high-intensity interval exercise and continuous moderate-intensity exercise","volume":"307","author":"Peake","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo5010119","article-title":"A study of the effects of exercise on the urinary metabolome using normalisation to individual metabolic output","volume":"5","author":"Daskalaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Breit, M., Netzer, M., Weinberger, K.M., and Baumgartner, C. (2015). Modeling and Classification of Kinetic Patterns of Dynamic Metabolic Biomarkers in Physical Activity. PLoS Comput. Biol., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1004454"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4610","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.5b00470","article-title":"Monitoring the Response of the Human Urinary Metabolome to Brief Maximal Exercise by a Combination of RP-UPLC-MS and (1)H NMR Spectroscopy","volume":"14","author":"Pechlivanis","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5367","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.5b00909","article-title":"Metabolomics-Based Analysis of Banana and Pear Ingestion on Exercise Performance and Recovery","volume":"14","author":"Nieman","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muhsen Ali, A., Burleigh, M., Daskalaki, E., Zhang, T., Easton, C., and Watson, D.G. (2016). Metabolomic Profiling of Submaximal Exercise at a Standardised Relative Intensity in Healthy Adults. Metabolites, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo6010009"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2015-0452","article-title":"Whole-body fat oxidation increases more by prior exercise than overnight fasting in elite endurance athletes","volume":"41","author":"Edin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coelho, W.S., Viveiros de Castro, L., Deane, E., Magno-Fran\u00e7a, A., Bassini, A., and Cameron, L.C. (2016). Investigating the Cellular and Metabolic Responses of World-Class Canoeists Training: A Sportomics Approach. Nutrients, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8110719"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-015-0883-7","article-title":"The use of metabolomics to monitor simultaneous changes in metabolic variables following supramaximal low volume high intensity exercise","volume":"12","author":"Danaher","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7378","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b01930","article-title":"Comprehensive and Quantitative Profiling of the Human Sweat Submetabolome Using High-Performance Chemical Isotope Labeling LC-MS","volume":"88","author":"Hooton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4452","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jproteome.6b00545","article-title":"Global Metabolic Stress of Isoeffort Continuous and High Intensity Interval Aerobic Exercise: A Comparative (1)H NMR Metabonomic Study","volume":"15","author":"Zafeiridis","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Proteome Res."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2016.1218035","article-title":"Metabolic time-course response after resistance exercise: A metabolomics approach","volume":"35","author":"Berton","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Sports Sci."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karl, J.P., Margolis, L.M., Murphy, N.E., Carrigan, C.T., Castellani, J.W., Madslien, E.H., Teien, H.K., Martini, S., Montain, S.J., and Pasiakos, S.M. (2017). Military training elicits marked increases in plasma metabolomic signatures of energy metabolism, lipolysis, fatty acid oxidation, and ketogenesis. Physiol. Rep., 5.","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.13407"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.12412","article-title":"Characterization of sweat induced with pilocarpine, physical exercise, and collected passively by metabolomic analysis","volume":"24","author":"Souza","year":"2018","journal-title":"Skin. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howe, C.C.F., Alshehri, A., Muggeridge, D., Mullen, A.B., Boyd, M., Spendiff, O., Moir, H.J., and Watson, D.G. (2018). Untargeted Metabolomics Profiling of an 80.5 km Simulated Treadmill Ultramarathon. Metabolites, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo8010014"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-018-1447-4","article-title":"The altered human serum metabolome induced by a marathon","volume":"14","author":"Stander","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108554","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108554","article-title":"Plasma Metabolome Profiling of Resistance Exercise and Endurance Exercise in Humans","volume":"33","author":"Morville","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19759","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-75755-6","article-title":"Metabolomics profiling of plasma, urine and saliva after short term training in young professional football players in Saudi Arabia","volume":"10","author":"Alzharani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_72_22","article-title":"Different training sessions impact on serum protein profile of Saudi professional soccer players","volume":"25","author":"Alshuwaier","year":"2022","journal-title":"Niger. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33ra37","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3001006","article-title":"Metabolic signatures of exercise in human plasma","volume":"2","author":"Lewis","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2007.04.011","article-title":"Saliva specimen: A new laboratory tool for diagnostic and basic investigation","volume":"383","author":"Chiappin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1601-0825.2010.01773.x","article-title":"Saliva: Diagnostics and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"17","author":"Spielmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Oral. Dis."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/s12576-012-0213-z","article-title":"Lactate in human sweat: A critical review of research to the present day","volume":"62","author":"Derbyshire","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Sci."}],"container-title":["Metabolites"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/16\/7\/509\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T04:14:28Z","timestamp":1784780068000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/16\/7\/509"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]},"references-count":153,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["metabo16070509"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo16070509","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-1989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-1989","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]]}}}