{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T11:46:26Z","timestamp":1785843986328,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785801600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82130056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82130056"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81601647"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81601647"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["82130056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82130056"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["81601647"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81601647"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"Postdoctoral Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019M651086"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019M651086"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"2023 Open Foundation of Key Laboratory of Forensic Pathology, Ministry of Public Security, P. R. China","award":["GAFYBL202304"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GAFYBL202304"]}]},{"name":"Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi Province of China","award":["202403021221160"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["202403021221160"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Mushroom poisoning is a leading cause of death from foodborne illness, and \u03b1-amanitin is its most potent toxin. However, the mechanisms and biomarkers of \u03b1-amanitin-induced hepatorenal injury remain inadequately understood. Methods: First, the potential candidate targets and metabolic pathways were identified using network toxicology. Subsequently, untargeted metabolomics was employed to screen for potential metabolic markers of poisoning in \u03b1-amanitin-treated mice across eight time groups: 0 h, 3 h, 8 h, 12 h, 24 h, 2 d, 4 d, and 7 d. Following this, a compound\u2013reaction\u2013enzyme\u2013gene network was constructed based on the differential metabolites to identify relevant genes, which were integrated with the core candidate target genes derived from network toxicology. The findings were further validated by molecular docking and immunohistochemistry. Results: Network toxicology identified eight candidate targets associated with \u03b1-amanitin-induced combined hepatic and renal injury. Metabolomic analysis revealed that \u03b1-amanitin-induced hepatorenal injury followed a temporally dynamic progression, and that propionylcarnitine was the common differential metabolite across all time points. Integration of the network toxicology and untargeted metabolomics results indicated that PTGS2 served as a potential candidate target and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) was selected as a potential differential metabolite in the combined hepatic and renal injury caused by \u03b1-amanitin. Conclusions: By integrating network toxicology and untargeted metabolomics, this study preliminarily reveals that \u03b1-amanitin-induced hepatorenal injury follows a temporally dynamic progression, which is consistent with the toxicological injury\u2013response\u2013adaptation model. PTGS2 is tentatively annotated as the potential candidate target, while propionylcarnitine and 2-AG are the potential candidate metabolites. These findings may provide valuable guidance for poisoning treatment and identification in cases of mushroom poisoning caused by Amanita species.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo16080551","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T10:38:08Z","timestamp":1785839888000},"page":"551","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Integrating Network Toxicology and Untargeted Metabolomics to Identify Candidate Mechanisms and Metabolic Markers of \u03b1-Amanitin-Induced Hepatorenal Injury in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Haiyan","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, China"},{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Jinzhong 030600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology of Ministry of Public Security, Jinzhong 030600, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, China"},{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Jinzhong 030600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology of Ministry of Public Security, Jinzhong 030600, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wang","family":"Xin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, China"},{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Jinzhong 030600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology of Ministry of Public Security, Jinzhong 030600, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, China"},{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Jinzhong 030600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology of Ministry of Public Security, Jinzhong 030600, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, China"},{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Jinzhong 030600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology of Ministry of Public Security, Jinzhong 030600, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0829-2895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, China"},{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Jinzhong 030600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology of Ministry of Public Security, Jinzhong 030600, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, China"},{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Jinzhong 030600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology of Ministry of Public Security, Jinzhong 030600, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiwen","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, China"},{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Jinzhong 030600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology of Ministry of Public Security, Jinzhong 030600, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keming","family":"Yun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, China"},{"name":"Shanxi Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Jinzhong 030600, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology of Ministry of Public Security, Jinzhong 030600, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2454180","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2454180","article-title":"Nutritional Value, Medicinal Importance, and Health-Promoting Effects of Dietary Mushroom (Pleurotus Ostreatus)","volume":"2022","author":"Lesa","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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