{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T13:57:45Z","timestamp":1785938265357,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Experimental, Educational & Research Centre of ELPEN Pharmaceuticals","award":["1553\/05-04-2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1553\/05-04-2018"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Perinatal asphyxia (PA) is a major cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity both in the short and in the long term. The identification of novel reliable biomarkers is essential in order to improve early diagnosis and allow for accurate prognostication of short- and long-term outcomes. The aim of the current study was to identify serum metabolites substantially affected by PA and resuscitation, using an experimental model in neonate piglets. Methods: A prospective, randomized experimental pilot animal study was conducted in 33 neonate Landrace\/Large White female piglets, 1\u20134 days old. Following initial preparation and stabilization, the animals were allocated to three groups. Group A served as the control group while Group B and Group C piglets underwent asphyxia until severe bradycardia or hypotension occurred. Group C animals were subsequently resuscitated, and after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), they were stabilized and remained under further monitoring for 30 min. Blood samples for metabolic profiling were obtained at predefined timepoints as defined below. \u201cBaseline\u201d samples were taken from all animals after the initial stabilization; \u201casphyxia\u201d sampling was performed at the time of hemodynamic compromise, while \u201cfinal\u201d sampling was performed 1 h after baseline in Group A animals and 30 min post-ROSC in Group C animals. The serum samples obtained were further analyzed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Results: Distinct metabolic phenotypes were observed between the \u201cbaseline\u201d state and asphyxia. Post-resuscitation and post-ROSC, the metabolic phenotype appeared to partially shift back to the \u201cbaseline\u201d cluster but remained distinct from both of the other groups. The results were further processed using a structured biomarker discovery pipeline. Key metabolites that were found to significantly differentiate \u201cbaseline\u201d and \u201casphyxia\u201d states were lactate, succinate, lysine, fumarate, hypoxanthine and isoleucine (decrease) (p &lt; 0.001). As far as the \u201cbaseline\u201d against stabilization post-ROSC comparison is concerned, lactate, lysine, fumarate, hypoxanthine, succinate, acetate, alanine, glutamine, glutamate and choline differed significantly (p &lt; 0.001). No metabolite survived False Discovery Rate correction and reached statistical significance in the direct \u201cAsphyxia\u201d versus \u201cResuscitation\u201d comparison. Conclusions: This pilot study demonstrates that severe asphyxia in neonatal piglets is associated with a distinct serum metabolic signature, and several abnormalities remain detectable 30 min after ROSC, suggesting incomplete early metabolic recovery. The findings support the candidacy of lactate, succinate, fumarate, hypoxanthine and related metabolites for further assessment and validation as markers of acute hypoxic injury. Further investigation focused on these metabolites could also contribute to the elucidation of the involved pathophysiological mechanisms of PA and the development of novel therapeutic approaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo16080554","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T13:16:29Z","timestamp":1785935789000},"page":"554","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Serum Metabolomic Profiling in a Neonatal Piglet Model of Perinatal Asphyxia: A Pilot Study in Search of Candidate Biomarkers of Acute Hypoxic Injury and Early Post-Resuscitation Recovery"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Efstathia-Danai","family":"Bikouli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, General and Maternity Hospital \u201cHelena Venizelou\u201d, 11521 Athens, Greece"},{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Aretaieio Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paris","family":"Christodoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, University of West Attica, Ag. Spyridonos, 12243 Egaleo, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9972-8901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rozeta","family":"Sokou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Aretaieio Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleftheria","family":"Karampela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental, Educational and Research Center, ELPEN Pharmaceutical, 19009 Pikermi, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vasiliki","family":"Mougiou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Aretaieio Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6180-821X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antigoni","family":"Cheilari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 17551 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2576-9142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Tsiantas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, University of West Attica, Ag. Spyridonos, 12243 Egaleo, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4624-4735","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nikolaos S.","family":"Thomaidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8021-6191","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicoletta M.","family":"Iacovidou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neonatology, Aretaieio Hospital, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodoros","family":"Xanthos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Panagiotis","family":"Zoumpoulakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology, University of West Attica, Ag. Spyridonos, 12243 Egaleo, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2012). WHO Guidelines Approved by the Guidelines Review Committee, Guidelines on Basic Newborn Resuscitation."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Improda, N., Capalbo, D., Poloniato, A., Garbetta, G., Dituri, F., Penta, L., Aversa, T., Sessa, L., Vierucci, F., and Cozzolino, M. (2023). Perinatal asphyxia and hypothermic treatment from the endocrine perspective. Front. Endocrinol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2023.1249700"},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"Gillam-Krakauer, M., Shah, M., and Gowen, C.W. (2024). Birth Asphyxia. 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