{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T12:28:55Z","timestamp":1786537735445,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786492800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondo de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico de Jalisco (FODECIJAL) 2019","award":["7965-2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["7965-2019"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Garlic (Allium sativum) has long been valued for its rich constellation of organosulfur and phenolic compounds, molecules that underpin its many recognized biological activities. Despite its deep roots in traditional medicine, the functional profile of garlic is far from uniform; it shifts notably depending on how its bioactive components are extracted. Most scientific attention has gravitated toward ethanolic extracts, leaving the behavior of aqueous-buffer preparations relatively unexplored. In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant, antimicrobial, and exploratory immunometabolic effects of extracts obtained with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and 50% ethanol in PBS (EtOH:PBS; 50:50, v\/v), using a regional garlic variety (\u201cJaspeado\u201d) cultivated in northwestern Mexico. Methods: Their antioxidant potential was profiled through DPPH, ABTS, and ORAC assays; phenolic content was quantified using the Folin\u2013Ciocalteu method, and a broader chemical fingerprint was obtained through UPLC-ESI-TQ-MS\/MS. Furthermore, we analyzed their antimicrobial action against Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp., and Staphylococcus aureus, and examined their immunometabolic influence in LPS-stimulated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Results: The extracts showed distinct, solvent-dependent patterns of antioxidant activity. The PBS extract displayed the highest ORAC values, whereas the EtOH:PBS extract showed a stronger DPPH and ABTS activity and a higher phenolic recovery. The PBS extract exhibited a broader bacteriostatic effect, inhibiting the growth of all strains, and selectively modulated antioxidant gene expression and influenced cytokine changes in adipocytes. Conclusions: Overall, this regional garlic variety exhibits solvent-dependent antioxidant and antimicrobial activities, while the PBS extract provided a biocompatible preparation for exploring relationships between chemical composition and biological activities.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo16080572","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T11:02:11Z","timestamp":1786532531000},"page":"572","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bioactive Potential of \u201cJaspeado Garlic\u201d (Allium sativum) from Northwestern Mexico: In Vitro Antioxidant and Bacteriostatic Effects"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2816-8695","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Varela-Navarro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de An\u00e1lisis Cl\u00ednicos e Investigaci\u00f3n Traslacional, Departamento de Farmacobiolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenier\u00edas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4213-0212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis Alberto","family":"Anguiano-Sevilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de An\u00e1lisis Cl\u00ednicos e Investigaci\u00f3n Traslacional, Departamento de Farmacobiolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenier\u00edas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1130-4021","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gilberto","family":"Vel\u00e1zquez-Ju\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Bioqu\u00edmica Estructural, Departamento de Qu\u00edmica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenier\u00edas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1969-1692","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan David","family":"Meza-Canales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo Farmac\u00e9utico, Departamento de Farmacobiolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenier\u00edas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2339-4108","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roc\u00edo Ivette","family":"L\u00f3pez-Roa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Investigaci\u00f3n y Desarrollo Farmac\u00e9utico, Departamento de Farmacobiolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenier\u00edas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0351-5339","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Eugenia","family":"Jaramillo-Flores","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Biopol\u00edmeros, Departamento de Ingenier\u00eda Bioqu\u00edmica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico Nacional IPN, Alcald\u00eda Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de Mexico 07738, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-0452-0978","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabi\u00e1n","family":"Rho-Mas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Guadalajara Campus, Zapopan 45138, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio C\u00e9sar","family":"Muro-Valdez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de An\u00e1lisis Cl\u00ednicos e Investigaci\u00f3n Traslacional, Departamento de Farmacobiolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenier\u00edas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2180-5688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abril","family":"Melchor-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de An\u00e1lisis Cl\u00ednicos e Investigaci\u00f3n Traslacional, Departamento de Farmacobiolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenier\u00edas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adelaida Sara M.","family":"Zepeda-Morales","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de An\u00e1lisis Cl\u00ednicos e Investigaci\u00f3n Traslacional, Departamento de Farmacobiolog\u00eda, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenier\u00edas, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44430, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shang, A., Cao, S.-Y., Xu, X.-Y., Gan, R.-Y., Tang, G.-Y., Corke, H., Mavumengwana, V., and Li, H.-B. 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