{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T12:24:39Z","timestamp":1786969479361,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":153,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]],"date-time":"2026-08-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"rapid identification technology between wild Cordyceps sinensis and artificial Cordyceps sinensis and its application","award":["ZNT-2026-03"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ZNT-2026-03"]}]},{"name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences\u2014People\u2019s Government of Qinghai Province on Sanjiangyuan National Park","award":["LHZX-2022-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LHZX-2022-01"]}]},{"name":"Wild Cordyceps sinensis Identification and Application Project","award":["QHRD-2025-004"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["QHRD-2025-004"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Medicinal fungi are important sources of natural medicines and are rich in a wide range of secondary metabolites with significant bioactivities, including terpenoids and alkaloids. As one of the core tools of systems biology, metabolomics has developed from simple metabolite detection into a key approach for understanding the complex life processes and medicinal value of medicinal fungi. This review summarizes recent advances in the application of metabolomics to the discovery of bioactive compounds from medicinal fungi, the optimization of cultivation and extraction processes, the analysis of pharmacological mechanisms, and the improvement of drug delivery strategies. The main methods used in metabolomics are outlined, with emphasis on the key steps of sample preparation, data acquisition, and data analysis. The review then describes how metabolomics can be used for the rapid discovery of bioactive compounds in medicinal fungi. It further explains how metabolomics can guide the precise optimization of fermentation parameters and the improvement of extraction processes by revealing the effects of environmental factors, such as light, temperature, pH, and inducers, as well as different extraction methods, on metabolic networks. In addition, this review summarizes the role of metabolomics in clarifying the molecular mechanisms by which bioactive compounds exert pharmacological effects through the modulation of specific metabolic pathways, as well as its application in optimizing dose, formulation, and route of administration. Representative studies have demonstrated that integrated metabolomic and proteomic analyses have revealed the preferential accumulation of triterpenoids, sterols, and polyphenolic compounds during the budding stage of Ganoderma lucidum. Finally, future studies should integrate metabolomics with genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, and other omics approaches to link bioactive metabolites with their biosynthetic genes, regulatory networks, and molecular targets. In such an integrated framework, metabolomics can serve as a phenotype-oriented core for the discovery and functional characterization of therapeutic metabolites from medicinal fungi, although further experimental and clinical validation remains essential.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo16080576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T11:00:05Z","timestamp":1786964405000},"page":"576","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Application of Metabolomics in the Exploration of Bioactive Compounds and Drug Development from Medicinal Fungi"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yan","family":"Tong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chuyu","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoxu","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinxuan","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuling","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"},{"name":"Qinghai Provincial Grassland Engineering Technology Research Center, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0009-5727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiuzhang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Plateau Ecology and Agriculture, Qinghai Academy of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China"},{"name":"Qinghai Provincial Grassland Engineering Technology Research Center, Xining 810016, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806180","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/806180","article-title":"Medicinal mushrooms","volume":"2014","author":"Lindequist","year":"2014","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pigo\u0144-Zaj\u0105c, D., Ma\u0142ecka-Massalska, T., \u0141api\u0144ski, J., and Prendecka-Wr\u00f3bel, M. (2025). Modern Pro-Health Applications of Medicinal Mushrooms: Insights into the Polyporaceae Family, with a Focus on Cerrena unicolor. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30204089"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sun, X., Shi, Y., Shi, D., Tu, Y., and Liu, L. (2024). Biological Activities of Secondary Metabolites from the Edible-Medicinal Macrofungi. J. Fungi, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10020144"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.12642","article-title":"Chemical composition and antioxidant properties of five edible Hymenomycetes mushrooms","volume":"50","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bentharavithana, J., Islam, T., and Xu, B.J. (2025). Medicinal Mushrooms in Colon Cancer Therapy: Mechanisms of Action of Bioactive Compounds and Therapeutic Potential. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26115304"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vamanu, E., Lakicevic, M., Dedovic, N., Dumitru, G., Badea, I.G., Gatea, F., and Dinu, L.D. (2024). Evaluating the Efficacy of an Extract for UV Defense and Mitigation of Oxidative Stress, Transitioning from Biomass to Bioprotection. Agronomy, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy14102306"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1615\/IntJMedMushrooms.v17.i3.80","article-title":"Comparison of Antioxidant and Antiproliferation Activities of Polysaccharides from Eight Species of Medicinal Mushrooms","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Mushrooms"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Szelenberger, R., and Wieckowska, M. (2025). Fungal Polysaccharides as Modulators of Molecular Pathways in Liver Health. Molecules, 30.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules30224384"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9420040","DOI":"10.26599\/FMH.2025.9420040","article-title":"Research progress on structural characterization and bioactivities of Poria cocos and Ganoderma polysaccharides","volume":"2","author":"Xie","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Med. Homol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9420038","DOI":"10.26599\/FMH.2025.9420038","article-title":"Extraction, structure and bioactivity of Tremella Fuciformis polysaccharides: A review","volume":"2","author":"Fu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Med. Homol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1766","DOI":"10.1039\/D4NP00006D","article-title":"Current and emerging tools and strategies for the identification of bioactive natural products in complex mixtures","volume":"41","author":"Meunier","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Rep."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.2174\/1385272802666220130001926","article-title":"Cancer chemopreventive agents discovered by activity-guided fractionation: A review","volume":"2","author":"Kinghorn","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr. Org. Chem."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2012.06.012","article-title":"Unbiased evaluation of bioactive secondary metabolites in complex matrices","volume":"83","author":"Inui","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1021\/np3007809","article-title":"Quantitative Purity\u2013Activity Relationships of Natural Products: The Case of Anti-Tuberculosis Active Triterpenes from Oplopanax horridus","volume":"76","author":"Qiu","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146651","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2025.146651","article-title":"Metabolomics analysis reveals the formation mechanism of Cordyceps militaris fruiting bodies in liquid culture","volume":"495","author":"Sun","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, X.L., Li, C.X., Wu, F.J., Zhao, S.S., Chen, T.Q., You, H.H., Lin, Y.J., and Zou, X.X. (2025). Integrated Transcriptomic and Targeted Metabolomic Analysis Reveals the Key Genes Involved in Triterpenoid Biosynthesis of Ganoderma lucidum. J. Fungi, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11010057"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-009-3162-5","article-title":"Searching for signals in the noise: Metabolomics in chemical ecology","volume":"396","author":"Prince","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anal. Bioanal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3258","article-title":"Metabolomics for Bioactivity Assessment of Natural Products","volume":"25","author":"Yuliana","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02931553","article-title":"Physiological dendrogram of Claviceps spp. based on sucrose metabolism in submerged cultures and its comparison with phylogenetic tree","volume":"49","author":"Flieger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, R.A., Huang, C., Zheng, C.H., Wang, J., Yuan, S.W., Chen, B.X., and Feng, K. (2024). Discovering a novel glycosyltransferase gene CmUGT1 enhances main metabolites production of Cordyceps militaris. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1437963"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2005.02682.x","article-title":"A comparative study on the production of exopolysaccharides between two entomopathogenic fungi Cordyceps militaris and Cordyceps sinensis in submerged mycelial cultures","volume":"99","author":"Kim","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1615\/IntJMedMushrooms.2018029506","article-title":"Effect of Environmental Conditions on Synnema Formation and Nucleoside Production in Cicada Flower, Isaria cicadae (Ascomycetes)","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Mushrooms"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, H.J. (2025). Influence of Culture Conditions on Bioactive Compounds in Cordyceps militaris: A Comprehensive Review. Foods, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods14193408"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9037","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-9326-5","article-title":"From nutraceutical to clinical trial: Frontiers in Ganoderma development","volume":"102","author":"Hsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biot."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1007\/s12275-019-8486-z","article-title":"Metabolomic profiling reveals enrichment of cordycepin in senescence process of Cordyceps militaris fruit bodies","volume":"57","author":"Oh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-018-1213-y","article-title":"Changes in content of triterpenoids and polysaccharides in Ganoderma lingzhi at different growth stages","volume":"72","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)12559-5","article-title":"Proton Nmr-Spectra of Urine as Indicators of Renal Damage\u2014Mercury-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats","volume":"27","author":"Nicholson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Li, E.M., and Xu, L.Y. (2022). Guide to Metabolomics Analysis: A Bioinformatics Workflow. Metabolites, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12040357"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s12953-025-00241-8","article-title":"Mass-spectrometry based metabolomics: An overview of workflows, strategies, data analysis and applications","volume":"23","author":"Hajnajafi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Proteome Sci."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, L., Zhou, R., Lin, J., Zang, X., Wang, Q., Wang, P., Wang, L., Li, Z., and Wang, W. (2022). Transcriptome and metabolome analyses reveal transcription factors regulating ganoderic acid biosynthesis in Ganoderma lucidum development. Front. Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.956421"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2020.109494","article-title":"Mapping the metabolic signatures of fermentation broth, mycelium, fruiting body and spores powder from Ganoderma lucidum by untargeted metabolomics","volume":"129","author":"Xie","year":"2020","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Qi, Y., Guo, X.-Y., Xu, X.-Y., Hou, J.-X., Liu, S.-L., Guo, H.-B., Xu, A.-G., Yang, R.-H., and Yu, X.-D. (2024). Widely targeted metabolomics analysis of Sanghuangporus vaninii mycelia and fruiting bodies at different harvest stages. Front. Microbiol., 15.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1391558"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-019-1506-5","article-title":"Evaluation of metabolome sample preparation and extraction methodologies for oleaginous filamentous fungi Mortierella alpina","volume":"15","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funbio.2017.11.007","article-title":"Suitability of dried herbarium specimens for NMR metabolomics of mushrooms. A comparison of four species of the genera Kuehneromyces and Hypholoma (Strophariaceae)","volume":"122","author":"Jafari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fungal Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pinu, F.R., Villas-Boas, S.G., and Aggio, R. (2017). Analysis of Intracellular Metabolites from Microorganisms: Quenching and Extraction Protocols. Metabolites, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo7040053"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2016.09.029","article-title":"Sample preparation procedures utilized in microbial metabolomics: An overview","volume":"1043","author":"Patejko","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, G.Y., Jian, T.T., Liu, X.J., Lv, Q.T., Zhang, G.Y., and Ling, J.Y. (2022). Application of Metabolomics in Fungal Research. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27217365"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-7012(95)00104-2","article-title":"Determination of intermediary metabolites in Aspergillus niger","volume":"25","author":"Ruijter","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Meth."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1155","DOI":"10.1002\/yea.1308","article-title":"Global metabolite analysis of yeast: Evaluation of sample preparation methods","volume":"22","author":"Smedsgaard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Yeast"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-011-3377-1","article-title":"Evaluation of cell damage caused by cold sampling and quenching for metabolome analysis","volume":"92","author":"David","year":"2011","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biot."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-015-0781-z","article-title":"Development of tools for quantitative intracellular metabolomics of Aspergillus niger chemostat cultures","volume":"11","author":"Lameiras","year":"2015","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1709","DOI":"10.1038\/nprot.2010.108","article-title":"Analytical platform for metabolome analysis of microbial cells using methyl chloroformate derivatization followed by gas chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry","volume":"5","author":"Smart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Protoc."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1800315","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201800315","article-title":"Comprehensive Improvement of Sample Preparation Methodologies Facilitates Dynamic Metabolomics of Aspergillus niger","volume":"14","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-011-0324-1","article-title":"The biological interpretation of metabolomic data can be misled by the extraction method used","volume":"8","author":"Duportet","year":"2012","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3061","DOI":"10.17576\/jsm-2018-4712-16","article-title":"Optimization of Metabolite Extraction Protocols for Untargeted Metabolite Profiling of Mycoparasitic Scytalidium parasiticum using LC-TOF-MS","volume":"47","author":"Lim","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sains Malays."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2023.08.047","article-title":"Advances in mass spectrometry-based multi-scale metabolomic methodologies and their applications in biological and clinical investigations","volume":"68","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.32604\/biocell.2023.045986","article-title":"Review on analytical technologies and applications in metabolomics","volume":"48","author":"Meng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Biocell"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-018-1449-2","article-title":"Review of recent developments in GC-MS approaches to metabolomics-based research","volume":"14","author":"Beale","year":"2018","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2016.08.001","article-title":"The future of NMR-based metabolomics","volume":"43","author":"Markley","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotech."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s320","DOI":"10.5530\/ijper.20266836","article-title":"Degradation Kinetics and Characterization of Canagliflozin Under Solution Stress by LC and LC-MS\/MS Method","volume":"60","author":"Gupta","year":"2026","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharm. Educ."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1229","DOI":"10.2174\/1573411016999200709133339","article-title":"Recent Developments in CE-MS Based Metabolomics","volume":"17","author":"Nenni","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-016-1030-9","article-title":"Non-targeted UHPLC-MS metabolomic data processing methods: A comparative investigation of normalisation, missing value imputation, transformation and scaling","volume":"12","author":"Engel","year":"2016","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2016.07.004","article-title":"Data analysis strategies for targeted and untargeted LC-MS metabolomic studies: Overview and workflow","volume":"82","author":"Gorrochategui","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trac-Trend Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1002\/cem.1006","article-title":"OPLS discriminant analysis: Combining the strengths of PLS-DA and SIMCA classification","volume":"20","author":"Rantalainen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Chemom."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7562","DOI":"10.1021\/ac800954c","article-title":"Analysis of Metabolomic Data Using Support Vector Machines","volume":"80","author":"Mahadevan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"298183","article-title":"Random forest in clinical metabolomics for phenotypic discrimination and biomarker selection","volume":"2013","author":"Chen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Altern. Med."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-007-0099-6","article-title":"Assessment of PLSDA cross validation","volume":"4","author":"Westerhuis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D622","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkab1062","article-title":"HMDB 5.0: The Human Metabolome Database for 2022","volume":"50","author":"Wishart","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/28.1.27","article-title":"KEGG: Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes","volume":"28","author":"Kanehisa","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-020-0942-5","article-title":"METLIN MS2 molecular standards database: A broad chemical and biological resource","volume":"17","author":"Xue","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.1777","article-title":"MassBank: A public repository for sharing mass spectral data for life sciences","volume":"45","author":"Horai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mass. Spectrom."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.3597","article-title":"Sharing and community curation of mass spectrometry data with Global Natural Products Social Molecular Networking","volume":"34","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"bbae498","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbae498","article-title":"Current approaches and outstanding challenges of functional annotation of metabolites: A comprehensive review","volume":"25","author":"Nguyen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Brief. Bioinform."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lysakowska, P., Sobota, A., and Wirkijowska, A. (2023). Medicinal Mushrooms: Their Bioactive Components, Nutritional Value and Application in Functional Food Production\u2014A Review. Molecules, 28.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28145393"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.12022","article-title":"Metabolic engineering of plant monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and diterpenes\u2014Current status and future opportunities","volume":"11","author":"Lange","year":"2013","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kanwal, A., Bilal, M., Rasool, N., Zubair, M., Shah, S.A.A., and Zakaria, Z.A. (2022). Total Synthesis of Terpenes and Their Biological Significance: A Critical Review. Pharm. Base, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15111392"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3650","DOI":"10.5012\/bkcs.2011.32.10.3650","article-title":"Soyasaponins from Soybean Flour Medium for the Liquid Culture of Ganoderma applanatum","volume":"32","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bull. Korean Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2021.104758","article-title":"Direct determination of E and Z configurations for double bond in bioactive meroterpenoids from Ganoderma mushrooms by diagnostic 1H NMR chemical shifts and structure revisions of previous analogues","volume":"87","author":"Qin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2012.12.066","article-title":"Inhibitory effect on NO production of triterpenes from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum","volume":"23","author":"Tung","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zorrilla, J.G., and Evidente, A. (2022). Structures and Biological Activities of Alkaloids Produced by Mushrooms, a Fungal Subgroup. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12081025"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.5560\/znc.2014-0029","article-title":"Synthesis and antimicrobial Activities of oxazepine and oxazocine derivatives","volume":"69","author":"Tang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Z. Naturforsch. C"},{"key":"ref_72","first-page":"489","article-title":"HPLC and NMR studies of phenoxazone alkaloids from Pycnoporus cinnabarinus","volume":"4","author":"Dias","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Commun."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2015.12.017","article-title":"Pyrrole: An emerging scaffold for construction of valuable therapeutic agents","volume":"110","author":"Gholap","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2009.07.023","article-title":"A novel alkaloid from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma sinense Zhao, Xu et Zhang","volume":"21","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3226","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2019.1693565","article-title":"Meroterpenoids and alkaloids from Ganoderma australe","volume":"35","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2019.01.013","article-title":"Aromatic constituents from Ganoderma lucidum and their neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities","volume":"134","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21139","DOI":"10.1039\/C6RA01466F","article-title":"Anti-allergic prenylated hydroquinones and alkaloids from the fruiting body of Ganoderma calidophilum","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2016","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2021.2023146","article-title":"Two new compounds from edible mushroom Sarcomyxa edulis","volume":"37","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3471","DOI":"10.1021\/acsomega.8b00295","article-title":"Total syntheses and biological evaluation of the Ganoderma lucidum alkaloids lucidimines B and C","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acs Omega"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2019.104180","article-title":"Isolation and structural elucidation of a novel brunnein-type antioxidant \u03b2-carboline alkaloid from Cyclocybe cylindracea","volume":"137","author":"Kruzselyi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2019.104364","article-title":"New alkaloidal metabolites from cultures of entomopathogenic fungus Cordyceps takaomontana NBRC 101754","volume":"139","author":"Hama","year":"2019","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1021\/np050418g","article-title":"(+)-N-deoxymillitarinone A, a neuritogenic pyridone alkaloid from the insect pathogenic fungus Paecilomyces farinosus","volume":"69","author":"Cheng","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nat. Prod."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, H.Y., Gao, J., Zhao, F., Liu, X.Q., and Ma, B. (2023). Bioactive Peptides from Edible Mushrooms-The Preparation, Mechanisms, Structure-Activity Relationships and Prospects. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12152935"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109230","article-title":"A review on mushroom-derived bioactive peptides: Preparation and biological activities","volume":"134","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1007\/s10989-017-9643-z","article-title":"Antibacterial Natural Peptide Fractions from Indian Ganoderma lucidum","volume":"24","author":"Mishra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Pept. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6646","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0495136","article-title":"Novel antioxidant peptides from fermented mushroom","volume":"52","author":"Sun","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17318","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms151017318","article-title":"Isolation and Structure Characterization of an Antioxidative Glycopeptide from Mycelial Culture Broth of a Medicinal Fungus","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2021.130642","article-title":"Combination of untargeted metabolomics approach and molecular networking analysis to identify unique natural components in wild Morchella sp. by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS","volume":"366","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1080\/08905436.2020.1844228","article-title":"Identification and enhancement of antioxidant P1-peptide isolated from Ganoderma lucidum hydrolysate","volume":"34","author":"Krobthong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_90","first-page":"575063","article-title":"The Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Actions of Cordyceps sinensis","volume":"2015","author":"Liu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Evid.-Based Compl. Alt."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"910","DOI":"10.1080\/10826076.2018.1539672","article-title":"High performance thin layer chromatography hyphenated with electrospray mass spectrometry for evaluation of nucleobases in two traditional Chinese medicinal mushrooms: A metabolomic approach","volume":"41","author":"Mishra","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Liq. Chromatogr. Relat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2024.105166","article-title":"Bioactive secondary metabolites in mushrooms: A focus on polyphenols, their health benefits and applications","volume":"62","author":"Fogarasi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33237","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33237","article-title":"Discovery of novel xylosides in co-culture of basidiomycetes Trametes versicolor and Ganoderma applanatum by integrated metabolomics and bioinformatics","volume":"6","author":"Yao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1080\/10286020802016297","article-title":"Cytotoxic lanostanoid triterpenes from Ganoderma lucidum","volume":"10","author":"Guan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Asian Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.funbio.2024.08.005","article-title":"Metabolome and transcriptome unveil the mechanism of light on regulating beauvericin synthesis in Cordyceps chanhua","volume":"128","author":"Wen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Fungal Biol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oh, T.J., Hyun, S.H., Lee, S.G., Chun, Y.J., Sung, G.H., and Choi, H.K. (2014). NMR and GC-MS Based Metabolic Profiling and Free-Radical Scavenging Activities of Cordyceps pruinosa Mycelia Cultivated under Different Media and Light Conditions. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0090823"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, Y.X., Liu, Y., Wu, J.Y., Ou, K.Q., Huang, Q., Cao, J.X., Duan, T., Zhou, L., and Pan, Y.F. (2022). Chemical profile and antioxidant activity of bidirectional metabolites from Tremella fuciformis and Acanthopanax trifoliatus as assessed using response surface methodology. Front. Nutr., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1035788"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang, Y., Huang, J.J., Dong, G.Q., and Hu, X.B. (2025). Telomere-to-Telomere Assembly of the Cordyceps militaris CH1 Genome and Integrated Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Analyses Provide New Insights into Cordycepin Biosynthesis Under Light Stress. J. Fungi, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11060461"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shao, J.X., Zhang, Z.W., Liu, G.H., Lin, J.S., Zhang, Z.P., Dai, X.L., Jiang, N., and Tu, J. (2026). Molecular Mechanisms of Temperature-Regulated Cordycepin Biosynthesis in Cordyceps militaris. J. Fungi, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof12020118"},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9420047","DOI":"10.26599\/FMH.2025.9420047","article-title":"Optimization of solid-state fermentation for protein enrichment in rice protein residue and corn germ powder using edible mushroom mycelium","volume":"2","author":"Li","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Med. Homol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., Zhang, Z., Shi, F., and Wu, W. (2025). Application of UHPLC-ESI-MS\/MS-Based Metabonomic Techniques to Analyze the Cordyceps cicadae Metabolic Profile Changes to the CO(NH2)2 Response Mechanism in the Process of Ergosterol Synthesis. Fermentation, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation11020090"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, A.L., Liu, Y.N., Liu, R., Ren, A., Ma, H.Y., Shu, L.B., Shi, L., Zhu, J., and Zhao, M.W. (2019). Integrated Proteomics and Metabolomics Analysis Provides Insights into Ganoderic Acid Biosynthesis in Response to Methyl Jasmonate in Ganoderma Lucidum. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20246116"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Meng, L., Zhou, R., Lin, J., Wang, Q., Wang, P., Wang, W., Wang, L., and Li, Z. (2022). Integrated Transcriptomics and Nontargeted Metabolomics Analysis Reveal Key Metabolic Pathways in Ganoderma lucidum in Response to Ethylene. J. Fungi, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof8050456"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, M., Wang, T., Tang, C.Y., Xiao, M.J., Pu, X.J., Qi, J.Z., Li, Y.L., and Li, X.Z. (2025). Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Reveal the Effects of Different Fermentation Times on Antioxidant Activities of Ophiocordyceps sinensis. J. Fungi, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11010051"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gao, X.S., Huo, H.M., Bao, H.Y., Wang, J.L., and Gao, D. (2024). Changes of Active Substances in Ganoderma lucidum during Different Growth Periods and Analysis of Their Molecular Mechanism. Molecules, 29.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules29112591"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, M.J., Wang, T., Tang, C.Y., He, M., Pu, X.J., Zhao, T.J., and Li, Y.L. (2025). Influence of Drying Methods on the Morphological Features, Microstructural Properties, and Antioxidant Performance of Floccularia luteovirens: A Metabolomic Analysis. J. Fungi, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11010078"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, M., Wang, T., Tang, C., He, M., Li, Y., and Li, X. (2024). Effects of Drying Methods on Morphological Characteristics, Metabolite Content, and Antioxidant Capacity of Cordyceps sinensis. Foods, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13111639"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mishra, J., Khan, W., Ahmad, S., and Misra, K. (2021). Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Extracts of Cordyceps sinensis: Chromatography-based Metabolite Profiling and Protective Efficacy Against Hypobaric Hypoxia. Front. Pharmacol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.628924"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.4172\/1948-5948.1000064","article-title":"Optimization of extraction method for GC-MS based metabolomics for filamentous fungi","volume":"4","author":"Madla","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Microb. Biochem. Technol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thapa, I., Pandey, A., Tiwari, S., and Awal, S.C. (2025). Evaluation of Bioactive Compounds, Antioxidant Activity, and Anticancer Potential of Wild Ganoderma lucidum Extracts from High-Altitude Regions of Nepal. Curr. Issues Mol. Biol., 47.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202507.0549.v1"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sauerschnig, C., Doppler, M., Bueschl, C., and Schuhmacher, R. (2017). Methanol Generates Numerous Artifacts during Sample Extraction and Storage of Extracts in Metabolomics Research. Metabolites, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo8010001"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Wang, F., Xu, Z.H., and Ding, Z.Y. (2017). Bioactive Mushroom Polysaccharides: A Review on Monosaccharide Composition, Biosynthesis and Regulation. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22060955"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2018.1516216","article-title":"1H NMR-based metabonomics of the hypoglycemic effect of polysaccharides from Cordyceps militaris on streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice","volume":"34","author":"Shang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Prod. Res."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-025-00586-6","article-title":"Revealing the mechanism of Ganoderma lucidum insoluble dietary fiber alleviating NAFLD through transcriptomics and metabolomics","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"npj Sci. Food"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2024.119249","article-title":"Cordycepin Extracted from Cordyceps militaris mitigated CUMS-induced depression of rats via targeting GSK3\u03b2\/\u03b2-catenin signaling pathway","volume":"340","author":"Wang","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2024.134281","article-title":"Exploratory studies of the antidepressant effect of Cordyceps sinensis polysaccharide and its potential mechanism","volume":"277","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsps.2024.102045","article-title":"The effect mechanism of ergosterol from the nutritional mushroom Leucocalocybe mongolica in breast cancer cells: Protein expression modulation and metabolomic profiling using UHPLC-ESI-Q","volume":"32","author":"Zaki","year":"2024","journal-title":"Saudi Pharm. J."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.224","article-title":"Response of intestinal metabolome to polysaccharides from mycelia of Ganoderma lucidum","volume":"122","author":"Jin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_119","first-page":"222","article-title":"Intervention effect of dehydrotumulosic peroxide acid from Poria cocos on asthmatic airway inflammation based on metabolomics analysis","volume":"61","author":"Tie","year":"2026","journal-title":"Acta Pharm. Sin."},{"key":"ref_120","first-page":"3623","article-title":"Antifatigue effects of Hericium erinaceus polysaccharide using ametabolomics technique based on Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry","volume":"24","author":"Ren","year":"2024","journal-title":"Technol. Eng."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35969","DOI":"10.1039\/C9RA05046A","article-title":"Effects of Bailing capsule on diabetic nephropathy based on UPLC-MS urine metabolomics","volume":"9","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_122","first-page":"97","article-title":"Pharmacokinetic analysis of active components after oral administration of different forms of Poria cocos triterpenoid extracts in rats","volume":"23","author":"Wen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chin. J. Exp. Tradit. Med. Formulae"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9420022","DOI":"10.26599\/FMH.2025.9420022","article-title":"Co-assembly strategies of natural plant compounds for improving their bioavailability","volume":"2","author":"Miao","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Med. Homol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, L.N., Yang, K.Y., Liang, Y.H., Zhu, Z.Y., Yuan, Z.Q., and Du, Z.Y. (2022). Tremella fuciformis polysaccharides alleviate induced atopic dermatitis in mice by regulating immune response and gut microbiota. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.944801"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-009-0337-5","article-title":"Metabolism and pharmacokinetics in rats of ganoderiol F, a highly cytotoxic and antitumor triterpene from Ganoderma lucidum","volume":"63","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3923\/ijp.2015.27.34","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics and Oral Bioavailability of Ganoderic Acid A by High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry","volume":"11","author":"Jin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2020.113144","article-title":"Gano oil: A novel antinociceptive agent extracted from Ganoderma lucidum inhibits paw oedema and relieves pain by hypnotic and analgesic actions of fatty acid amides","volume":"263","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-021-01116-4","article-title":"Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry variants for metabolomics research","volume":"18","author":"Alseekh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7735","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44154-x","article-title":"Metabolic profiling of natural and cultured by NMR spectroscopy","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, S., Lin, M.T., Xie, D., Zhang, W.Q., Zhang, M., Zhou, L., Li, S., and Hu, H.K. (2022). Comparative metabolic profiling of wild Cordyceps species and their substituents by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Front. Pharmacol., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.1036589"},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2020.109241","article-title":"Comparative metabolic profiling of Ophiocordyceps sinensis and its cultured mycelia using GC-MS","volume":"134","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113509","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2020.113509","article-title":"Integration of GC-MS and LC-MS for untargeted metabolomics profiling","volume":"190","author":"Zeki","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-012-0470-0","article-title":"Granger causality in integrated GC\u2013MS and LC\u2013MS metabolomics data reveals the interface of primary and secondary metabolism","volume":"9","author":"Doerfler","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11725","DOI":"10.1021\/ac402503m","article-title":"Metabolite Profiling of a NIST Standard Reference Material for Human Plasma (SRM 1950): GC-MS, LC-MS, NMR, and Clinical Laboratory Analyses, Libraries, and Web-Based Resources","volume":"85","author":"Lowenthal","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9848","DOI":"10.1021\/ac302227c","article-title":"Liquid Chromatography\u2013Mass Spectrometry Calibration Transfer and Metabolomics Data Fusion","volume":"84","author":"Vaughan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2017.10.013","article-title":"The combination of four analytical methods to explore skeletal muscle metabolomics: Better coverage of metabolic pathways or a marketing argument?","volume":"148","author":"Bruno","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s11306-023-02080-0","article-title":"Establishing a framework for best practices for quality assurance and quality control in untargeted metabolomics","volume":"20","author":"Mosley","year":"2024","journal-title":"Metabolomics"},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1038\/s41592-021-01197-1","article-title":"Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics: A guide for annotation, quantification and best reporting practices","volume":"18","author":"Alseekh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9420116","DOI":"10.26599\/FMH.2025.9420116","article-title":"Spatial metabolomics: Revolutionary transformation in food and medicinal homology research\u2014Decoding the spatiotemporal map of food and medicinal substances in organisms","volume":"2","author":"Zhu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Med. Homol."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1016\/j.procbio.2004.06.046","article-title":"Optimization of carbon source\/nitrogen ratio for cordycepin production by submerged cultivation of medicinal mushroom Cordyceps militaris","volume":"40","author":"Mao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Process Biochem."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s00449-017-1850-7","article-title":"Effect of heat stress on production and in-vitro antioxidant activity of polysaccharides in Ganoderma lucidum","volume":"41","author":"Tan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioproc. Biosyst. Eng."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhao, Q.L., Jiang, Y., Zhao, Q., Manzi, H.P., Su, L., Liu, D.R., Huang, X.D., Long, D.F., Tang, Z.C., and Zhang, Y. (2023). The benefits of edible mushroom polysaccharides for health and their influence on gut microbiota: A review. Front. Nutr., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2023.1213010"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-022-02013-x","article-title":"Increasing the production of the bioactive compounds in medicinal mushrooms: An omics perspective","volume":"22","author":"Arshadi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microb. Cell Fact."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cao, Z.F., Wang, T., He, H., Li, Y.L., and Li, X.Z. (2025). Multiomics Provides a New Understanding of the Effect of Temperature Change on the Fermentation Quality of Ophiocordyceps sinensis. J. Fungi, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jof11060403"},{"key":"ref_145","first-page":"32","article-title":"Immune Modulation from Five Major Mushrooms: Application to Integrative Oncology","volume":"13","author":"Guggenheim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Integr. Med."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.4103\/2319-4170.138318","article-title":"Medicinal mushroom science: Current perspectives, advances, evidences, and challenges","volume":"37","author":"Wasser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. J."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jeitler, M., Michalsen, A., Frings, D., Hubner, M., Fischer, M., Koppold-Liebscher, D.A., Murthy, V., and Kessler, C.S. (2020). Significance of Medicinal Mushrooms in Integrative Oncology: A Narrative Review. Front. Pharmacol., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.580656"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2021.11.017","article-title":"Medicinal mushrooms: Clinical perspective and challenges","volume":"27","author":"Panda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Drug Discov. Today"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venturella, G., Ferraro, V., Cirlincione, F., and Gargano, M.L. (2021). Medicinal Mushrooms: Bioactive Compounds, Use, and Clinical Trials. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22020634"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.2478\/v10007-011-0030-6","article-title":"Antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities of polysaccharides isolated from","volume":"61","author":"Joseph","year":"2011","journal-title":"Acta Pharm."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1007\/s11418-017-1072-y","article-title":"Tubulin polymerization-stimulating activity of triterpenoids","volume":"71","author":"Kohno","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barbieri, A., Quagliariello, V., Del Vecchio, V., Falco, M., Luciano, A., Amruthraj, N.J., Nasti, G., Ottaiano, A., Berretta, M., and Iaffaioli, R.V. (2017). Anticancer and Anti-Inflammatory Properties of Ganoderma lucidum Extract Effects on Melanoma and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Treatment. Nutrients, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9030210"},{"key":"ref_153","first-page":"CD007731","article-title":"Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom) for cancer treatment","volume":"4","author":"Jin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."}],"container-title":["Metabolites"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/16\/8\/576\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T11:26:26Z","timestamp":1786965986000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/16\/8\/576"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]]},"references-count":153,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["metabo16080576"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo16080576","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-1989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-1989","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,16]]}}}