{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T05:18:55Z","timestamp":1787980735717,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Alternate-day fasting (ADF) combined with exercise has been suggested as an effective lifestyle strategy for reducing fat mass while preserving lean mass. However, whether exercise preconditioning before ADF plus concurrent exercise affects subsequent body-composition and substrate-utilization responses remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of exercise preconditioning during a subsequent ADF plus concurrent exercise intervention. Methods: Seven-week-old male ICR mice were assigned to the non-exercise preconditioning (Non-ExPC) or exercise preconditioning (ExPC) group (n = 8\/group). After the 4-week preconditioning period, both groups underwent 7 days of ADF plus concurrent exercise. Resting energy metabolism was measured during the intervention, and body composition, exercise energy metabolism, muscle and motor function, blood biomarker concentrations, and plasma hormone levels were assessed before and after the intervention. Results: Both groups showed significant reductions in body weight, body fat percentage, and fat mass after the intervention. Lean mass decreased in both groups without between-group differences. The ExPC group maintained significantly lower body fat percentage and fat mass than the Non-ExPC group and showed significantly higher resting oxygen uptake, carbon dioxide production, respiratory exchange ratio, carbohydrate oxidation, and energy expenditure during the intervention. During exercise, the respiratory exchange ratio and carbohydrate oxidation significantly increased in both groups, whereas fat oxidation significantly decreased only in the ExPC group. Conclusions: Exercise preconditioning was associated with the maintenance of lower adiposity during short-term ADF combined with concurrent exercise, while differences in substrate utilization were observed under some conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo16090618","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T16:47:13Z","timestamp":1787849233000},"page":"618","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Energy Substrate Utilization and Body Composition Following Exercise Preconditioning During Alternate-Day Fasting and Concurrent Exercise in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-1403-7838","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jungyong","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Exercise & Nutrition Mechanisms, Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-7065-1367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taeho","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Exercise & Nutrition Mechanisms, Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9323-7183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deunsol","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Exercise & Nutrition Mechanisms, Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunghwan","family":"Kyun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Exercise & Nutrition Mechanisms, Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inkwon","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Exercise & Nutrition Mechanisms, Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nayeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Exercise & Nutrition Mechanisms, Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3222-1783","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kiwon","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Exercise & Nutrition Mechanisms, Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9901-7624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hun-Young","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Exercise & Nutrition Mechanisms, Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9029-4801","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Insu","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Exercise & Nutrition Mechanisms, Department of Sports Medicine and Science in Graduate School, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Physical Activity and Performance Institute (PAPI), Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of 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