{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T10:17:24Z","timestamp":1788171444661,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787961600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005378","name":"Hacettepe University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TSA-2023- 20780"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSA-2023- 20780"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005378","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["TSA-2023- 20780"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TSA-2023- 20780"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04kwvgz42","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: The study aimed to assess cardiometabolic effects of two pseudocereals, quinoa and buckwheat, comparing them to the effects of rice and bulgur in adults with overweight or obesity. Methods: This study was conducted on 148 adults with overweight and obesity, aged between 25 and 45 years, consuming 40 g\/d quinoa, buckwheat, rice, or bulgur for 4 weeks. Anthropometrical measurements were taken, and dietary intake was assessed; blood pressure and biochemical parameters were examined. Incremental areas under the curve (iAUC) for glucose and insulin were calculated. Subgroup analyses were conducted considering sex. Results: The changes in biochemical and anthropometrical measurements did not differ significantly between groups. However, within-group analysis showed significant changes in many parameters. Among anthropometrical measurements, fat mass declined significantly within quinoa and buckwheat groups (p &lt; 0.05). Blood pressure decreased significantly in the buckwheat group, mainly in women. Fasting glucose decreased significantly only in men in the quinoa group. An increase in iAUC glucose within the bulgur group but a significant decrease in iAUC insulin among men within the buckwheat group was recorded. Total cholesterol (Total-C) significantly decreased in men but increased in women following quinoa consumption. On the other hand, a decrease was reported in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) in women following quinoa and buckwheat consumption (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusions: Compared with the baseline, the most pronounced changes were observed in blood pressure, lipid profile, and body fat mass, suggesting a potential cardiometabolic benefit of quinoa and buckwheat. However, sex-specific cardiometabolic differences may occur following the consumption of pseudocereal or cereal. Further studies are needed for more robust results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo16090628","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T09:21:19Z","timestamp":1788168079000},"page":"628","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Comparative Effects of Quinoa, Buckwheat, Bulgur, and Rice on Cardiometabolic Health in Adults with Overweight or Obesity: A Randomized Controlled Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6179-8720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yesim","family":"Oztekin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Buket","family":"Gonen-Colak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, T\u00fcrkiye"},{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Band\u0131rma Onyedi Eyl\u00fcl University, Bal\u0131kesir 10200, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Selin","family":"Tekin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Incilay","family":"Lay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1377-9394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomris","family":"Erbas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Selcuk","family":"Dagdelen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2039-8568","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zehra","family":"Buyuktuncer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2019.12.050","article-title":"Carbohydrate Quality, Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load and Cardiometabolic Risks in the US, Europe and Asia: A Dose e Response Meta-Analysis","volume":"30","author":"Hardy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-024-01431-x","article-title":"Effects of Low-Carbohydrate Diets, with and without Caloric Restriction, on Inflammatory Markers in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials","volume":"78","author":"Kazeminasab","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_3","unstructured":"(2025, March 07). Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Cereal Supply and Demand Brief. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/worldfoodsituation\/csdb\/en\/."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carcea, M. (2021). Value of Wholegrain Rice in a Healthy Human Nutrition. Agriculture, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/agriculture11080720"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2024","DOI":"10.5327\/fst.00292","article-title":"Rice (Oryza sativa L.) and Its Products for Human Consumption: General Characteristics, Nutritional Properties, and Types of Processing","volume":"44","author":"Tagliapietra","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1002\/cche.10347","article-title":"Processing and Quality Aspects of Bulgur from Triticum durum","volume":"97","author":"Stone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cereal Chem."},{"key":"ref_7","unstructured":"United States Department of Agriculture (2025, December 13). Bulgur, (Dry, Raw). FoodData Central, Available online: https:\/\/fdc.nal.usda.gov\/food-details\/2710820\/nutrients."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16861","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpp.16861","article-title":"Biochemical and Nutritional Properties of Wheat Bulgur: A Review","volume":"46","author":"Shah","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Preserv."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcs.2020.103124","article-title":"Effects of Wheat Cultivar, Cooking Method, and Bulgur Type on Nutritional Quality Characteristics of Bulgur","volume":"96","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cereal Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e71138","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.71138","article-title":"Comparative Analysis of White, Red, and Black Quinoa: Nutritional Composition, Technological Functionality, and Health Implications","volume":"91","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e16601","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpp.16601","article-title":"Nutritional, Therapeutic, and Technological Perspectives of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.): A Review","volume":"46","author":"Brito","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Food Process. Preserv."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li\u021boiu, A.A., P\u0103ucean, A., Lung, C., Zmuncil\u0103, A., and Chi\u0219, M.S. (2025). An Overview of Buckwheat\u2014A Superfood with Applicability in Human Health and Food Packaging. Plants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14142200"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12303","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2023.2249112","article-title":"Buckwheat: An Underutilized Crop with Attractive Sensory Qualities and Health Benefits","volume":"64","author":"Zamaratskaia","year":"2024","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e171","DOI":"10.1002\/efd2.171","article-title":"Nutritional Profile, Bioactive Properties and Potential Health Benefits of Buckwheat: A Review","volume":"5","author":"Sonawane","year":"2024","journal-title":"eFood"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2015.05.122","article-title":"Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) Starch, a Side Product in Functional Food Production, as a Potential Source of Retrograded Starch","volume":"190","author":"Gao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2621.2007.01498.x","article-title":"Comparison of Composition and Antioxidant Capacity of Some Cereals and Pseudocereals","volume":"43","author":"Gorinstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1521","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2017.1418284","article-title":"Proanthocyanidins in Cereals and Pseudocereals","volume":"59","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2024.139072","article-title":"Nutritional and Functional Perspectives of Pseudocereals","volume":"448","author":"Nandan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2018.03.016","article-title":"Nutritional Constituents of Pseudo Cereals and Their Potential Use in Food Systems: A Review","volume":"75","author":"Mir","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.afres.2023.100351","article-title":"A Comprehensive Reiew of Pseudo-Cereals: Nutritional Profile, Phytochemicals Constituents and Potential Health Promoting Benefits","volume":"3","author":"Kaur","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Food Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Q., Yao, L., Li, Q., Xie, H., Guo, Y., Huang, T., Zhang, X., Liu, J., Zhang, P., and Li, L. (2022). Integrative Analysis of the Metabolome and Transcriptome Provides Insights into the Mechanisms of Flavonoid Biosynthesis in Quinoa Seeds at Different Developmental Stages. Metabolites, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12100887"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oztekin, Y., and Buyuktuncer, Z. (2026). A Narrative Review on Pseudocereals and Cardiometabolic Health: Biological Mechanisms and Evidence from Human Studies. Nutrients, 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu18071093"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcia Tejedor, A., Haros, C.M., and Laparra Llopis, J.M. (2023). Chenopodium Quinoa\u2019s Ingredients Improve Control of the Hepatic Lipid Disturbances Derived from a High-Fat Diet. Foods, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12173321"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2018.09.032","article-title":"The Analysis of Fagopyritols from Tartary Buckwheat and Their Anti-Diabetic e Ff Ects in KK-A y Type 2 Diabetic Mice and HepG2 Cells","volume":"50","author":"Wu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2011.257","article-title":"Quinoa Extract Enriched in 20-Hydroxyecdysone Protects Mice from Diet-Induced Obesity and Modulates Adipokines Expression","volume":"20","author":"Foucault","year":"2012","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3313","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-019-02169-0","article-title":"Modest Improvement in CVD Risk Markers in Older Adults Following Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Consumption: A Randomized-Controlled Crossover Study with a Novel Food Product","volume":"59","author":"Pourshahidi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1590\/S0101-20612012005000040","article-title":"Use of Cereal Bars with Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa W.) to Reduce Risk Factors Related to Cardiovascular Diseases","volume":"32","author":"Barbalho","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e001321","DOI":"10.3945\/cdn.117.001321","article-title":"Quinoa Seed Lowers Serum Triglycerides in Overweight and Obese Subjects: A Dose- Response Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"1","author":"Radcliffe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Dev. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2015.03.023","article-title":"Quality of Buckwheat-Enriched Wheat Bread and Its Antihyperlipidemic Effect in Statin Treated Patients","volume":"63","author":"Jambrec","year":"2015","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.225.123","article-title":"Eating Buckwheat Cookies Is Associated with the Reduction in Serum Levels of Myeloperoxidase and Cholesterol: A Double Blind Crossover Study in Day-Care Centre Staffs","volume":"225","author":"Wieslander","year":"2011","journal-title":"Tohoku J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2017.06.056","article-title":"Buckwheat\u2014Enriched Instant Porridge Improves Lipid Profile and Reduces Inflammation in Participants with Mild to Moderate Hypercholesterolemia","volume":"36","author":"Petelin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2016.11.007","article-title":"Dietary Tartary Buckwheat Intake Attenuates Insulin Resistance and Improves Lipid Profiles in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"36","author":"Qiu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.3109\/09637486.2013.866637","article-title":"Metabolic Parameters of Postmenopausal Women after Quinoa or Corn Flakes Intake\u2014A Prospective and Double-Blind Study","volume":"65","author":"Padovan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2016.08.004","article-title":"Effectiveness of Rutin-Rich Tartary Buckwheat (Fagopyrum tataricum Gaertn.) \u2018Manten-Kirari\u2019 in Body Weight Reduction Related to Its Antioxidant Properties: A Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study","volume":"26","author":"Nishimura","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3139","DOI":"10.1039\/C7FO00099E","article-title":"Commercially Available Gluten-Free Pastas Elevate Postprandial Glycemia in Comparison to Conventional Wheat Pasta in Healthy Adults: A Double-Blind Randomized Crossover Trial","volume":"8","author":"Johnston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2016.115","article-title":"Effect of Pseudocereal-Based Breakfast Meals on the First and Second Meal Glucose Tolerance in Healthy and Diabetic Subjects","volume":"4","author":"Gabrial","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Access Maced. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1016\/j.metabol.2013.01.021","article-title":"Consumption of Buckwheat Modulates the Post-Prandial Response of Selected Gastrointestinal Satiety Hormones in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","volume":"62","author":"Stringer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.02.013","article-title":"Fibre-Enriched Buckwheat Pasta Modifies Blood Glucose Response Compared to Corn Pasta in Individuals with Type 1 Diabetes and Celiac Disease: Acute Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"149","author":"Vetrani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00edaz-Rizzolo, D.A., Acar-Denizli, N., Kostov, B., Roura, E., Sis\u00f3-Almirall, A., Delicado, P., and Gomis, R. (2022). Glycaemia Fluctuations Improvement in Old-Age Prediabetic Subjects Consuming a Quinoa-Based Diet: A Pilot Study. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14112331"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, L., Lietz, G., Bal, W., Watson, A., Morfey, B., and Seal, C. (2018). Effects of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) Consumption on Markers of CVD Risk. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10060777"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1139\/apnm-2017-0295","article-title":"A Randomized, Controlled, Crossover Study of Appetite-Related Sensations after Consuming Snacks Made from Buckwheat","volume":"43","author":"Defries","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e081123","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj-2024-081123","article-title":"CONSORT 2025 Statement: Updated Guideline for Reporting Randomised Trials","volume":"389","author":"Hopewell","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"NCSS (2024). PASS 2024 Power Analysis and Sample Size Software 2024, NCSS."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Llanaj, E., Ahanchi, N.S., Dizdari, H., Taneri, P.E., Niehot, C.D., Wehrli, F., Khatami, F., Raeisi-Dehkordi, H., Kastrati, L., and Bano, A. (2022). Buckwheat and Cardiometabolic Health: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12121940"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zeng, H., Cai, X., Qiu, Z., Liang, Y., and Huang, L. (2023). Glucolipid Metabolism Improvement in Impaired Glucose Tolerance Subjects Consuming a Quinoa-Based Diet: A Randomized Parallel Clinical Trial. Front. Physiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2023.1179587"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, H., Jia, C., Chen, X., Zhang, L., Jiang, Y., Meng, X., and Liu, X. (2024). Progress in Research on the Effects of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) Bioactive Compounds and Products on Intestinal Flora. Front. Nutr., 11.","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2024.1308384"},{"key":"ref_47","unstructured":"USDA (2026, May 30). FoodData Central, Available online: https:\/\/fdc.nal.usda.gov\/."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2021.101170","article-title":"Food Bioscience Nutritional Facts, Bio-Active Components and Processing Aspects of Pseudocereals: A Comprehensive Review","volume":"42","author":"Thakur","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-026-08707-w","article-title":"Comprehensive Review on Functional Foods from Pseudo-Cereals: Insight to Nutritional Properties and Processing Techniques","volume":"8","author":"Devi","year":"2026","journal-title":"Discov. Appl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.3746\/pnf.2025.30.5.419","article-title":"Effects of Cooking Techniques on the Nutritional Profile, Glycemic Index, and Sensory Evaluation of Rice: A Systematic Review","volume":"30","author":"Sekarmuti","year":"2025","journal-title":"Prev. Nutr. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102091","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2025.102091","article-title":"Cooking Methods Affect Advanced Glycation End Products and Lipid Profiles: A Randomized Cross-over Study in Healthy Subjects","volume":"6","author":"Wellens","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1039\/D4FO04557B","article-title":"Quinoa Is More Effective than Other Whole Grains in the Management of Impaired Glucose Tolerance: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colasanto, A., Savastio, S., Pozzi, E., Gorla, C., Co\u00efsson, J.D., Arlorio, M., and Rabbone, I. (2023). The Impact of Different Types of Rice and Cooking on Postprandial Glycemic Trends in Children with Type 1 Diabetes with or without Celiac Disease. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15071654"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1159\/000090498","article-title":"Dose-Dependent Inhibition of the Post-Prandial Glycaemic Response to a Standard Carbohydrate Meal Following Incorporation of Alpha-Cyclodextrin","volume":"50","author":"Buckley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1632","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114513004194","article-title":"Effects of Consumption of Main and Side Dishes with White Rice on Postprandial Glucose, Insulin, Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide and Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Responses in Healthy Japanese Men","volume":"111","author":"Kameyama","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_56","unstructured":"World Health Organization (2026, April 22). Waist Circumference and Waist-Hip Ratio: Report of a WHO Expert Consultation. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications\/i\/item\/9789241501491."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/54.5.846","article-title":"The Glycemic Index: Methodology and Clinical Implications","volume":"54","author":"Wolever","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2014.02.002","article-title":"Quinoa Extract Enriched in 20-Hydroxyecdysone Affects Energy Homeostasis and Intestinal Fat Absorption in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet","volume":"128","author":"Foucault","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2022.2148689","article-title":"Effects of Quinoa Intake on Markers of Cardiovascular Risk: A Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"40","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Food Rev. Int."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100571","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hermed.2022.100571","article-title":"Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) Interventions on Blood Lipids","volume":"34","author":"Atefi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Herb. Med."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1186\/s12944-025-02620-8","article-title":"High-Density Lipoprotein Particles Are Associated with the Risk of Mortality from All-Causes and Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) in Patients with CVD: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Study","volume":"24","author":"Nasiri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lipids Health Dis."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1688","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.6901","article-title":"The Effects of Quinoa Seed Supplementation on Cardiovascular Risk Factors: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Clinical Trials","volume":"35","author":"Karimian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e4697","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.4697","article-title":"Effect of Buckwheat-Containing Bread on Postprandial Glycemia, Appetite, Palatability, and Gastrointestinal Well-Being","volume":"13","author":"Begum","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1007\/s11130-025-01361-4","article-title":"Can There Be Differences in Blood Glucose Fluctuations with Consumption of Cornbread in Obesity and Normal-Weight Individuals: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"80","author":"Cesur","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Foods Hum. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107305","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2025.107305","article-title":"Modulatory Implications of Quinoa in Therapeutic Management of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"71","author":"Ray","year":"2025","journal-title":"Food Biosci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, M.S., Shin, Y., Jung, S., Kim, S.Y., Jo, Y.H., Kim, C.T., Yun, M.K., Lee, S.J., Sohn, J., and Yu, H.J. (2017). The Inhibitory Effect of Tartary Buckwheat Extracts on Adipogenesis and Inflammatory Response. Molecules, 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules22071160"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7896","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.5b02498","article-title":"Buckwheat as a Functional Food and Its Effects on Health","volume":"63","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5339","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2021.2017838","article-title":"Whole Grain Intake, Compared to Refined Grain, Improves Postprandial Glycemia and Insulinemia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"63","author":"Sanders","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reynolds, A.N., Akerman, A.P., and Mann, J. (2020). Dietary Fibre and Whole Grains in Diabetes Management: Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses. PLoS Med., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003053"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-024-01008-5","article-title":"Metabolically Healthy Obesity: From Epidemiology and Mechanisms to Clinical Implications","volume":"20","author":"Schulze","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."}],"container-title":["Metabolites"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/16\/9\/628\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T09:42:14Z","timestamp":1788169334000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/16\/9\/628"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["metabo16090628"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo16090628","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-1989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-1989","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]]}}}