{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T13:14:46Z","timestamp":1788527686511,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Heilongjiang Province Natural Science Foundation Joint Fund Cultivation Project","award":["PL2025C053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PL2025C053"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Objective: Saline\u2013alkali stress (composed of neutral and alkaline salts) severely constrains soybean productivity. Although nicotinamide can enhance plant salt tolerance, its most effective concentration and molecular basis in soybean remain unclear. This study aimed to systematically investigate the regulatory effect of exogenous nicotinamide on soybean saline\u2013alkaline tolerance and to identify its candidate genes and putative mechanisms under salt-stressed conditions. Methods: Soybean cultivar \u2018Hefeng 25\u2019 seedlings were exposed to 200 mmol\/L mixed salt stress and treated with nicotinamide at 0 (CK), 10, 50, and 200 mg\/L. Growth parameters, ROS levels, ion contents, photosynthetic pigments, osmoregulatory substances, and antioxidant enzyme activities were measured. Transcriptome sequencing and RT-qPCR were performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs), followed by enrichment analysis. Results: Exogenous nicotinamide significantly improved soybean saline\u2013alkaline tolerance relative to the salt-stressed CK group, with 50 mg\/L (SA2) showing the most pronounced physiological improvements among all tested concentrations. SA2 treatment enhanced plant height, biomass, K+ content, and antioxidant enzyme activities while reducing Na+ accumulation and ROS levels compared with CK. Transcriptome analysis identified PM1 as the shared gene across the five non-most effective comparisons. Enrichment analysis implicated DEGs primarily in ko03110 (chaperones and folding catalysts), ko00199 (cytochrome P450), and ko04141 (protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum). RT-qPCR confirmed that PM1, P450 genes (CYP74A1, CYP83D1), HSPs (HSP23, HSP18), and ROS scavengers (NAC1, GSTU43) were upregulated under non-most effective doses (SA1\/SA3) but downregulated to levels comparable to the stressed CK in SA2; conversely, SA2 specifically restored the expression levels of stress-repressed WRKY57 and LBD15. Transcriptomically, SA2 exhibited a profile most similar to the saline\u2013alkali-stressed CK group, with the fewest number of differentially expressed genes among all treatments, whereas non-optimal nicotinamide concentrations were associated with extensive transcriptional changes in ER protein processing, detoxification-related, and oxidative stress-related pathways. The limited transcriptional changes in SA2 indicate greater transcriptional similarity to the stressed control, which paralleled its superior physiological performance. Conclusions: Nicotinamide effectively alleviates soybean saline\u2013alkaline stress at 50 mg\/L, with the most significant physiological benefits and the fewest transcriptional changes relative to the stressed control. The non-most effective nicotinamide concentrations show extensive stress-related transcriptional reprogramming in protein folding, detoxification, and stress-response pathways relative to the salt-stressed control, putatively implicating ER stress, detoxification, and oxidative stress-related responses at the transcript level, with PM1 acting as a potential candidate transcriptional marker of dose-dependent transcriptional regulation under saline\u2013alkali stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo16090649","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T12:20:46Z","timestamp":1788524446000},"page":"649","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Transcriptomic Responses and Putative Mechanisms of Nicotinamide-Mediated Saline\u2013Alkaline Tolerance in Soybean"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Qi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Engineering, Daqing Normal University, No. 23, Xijia Road, Ranghulu District, Daqing 163712, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Fanyu","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Engineering, Daqing Normal University, No. 23, Xijia Road, Ranghulu District, Daqing 163712, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Haoxuan","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Engineering, Daqing Normal University, No. 23, Xijia Road, Ranghulu District, Daqing 163712, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3714-8482","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yajie","family":"Yin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Engineering, Daqing Normal University, No. 23, Xijia Road, Ranghulu District, Daqing 163712, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Guoling","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Bioengineering, Daqing Normal University, Daqing 163712, China"},{"name":"Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Oilfield Applied Chemistry and Technology, Daqing 163712, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2025.110484","article-title":"Integrated approaches for managing soil salinization: Detection, mitigation, and sustainability","volume":"229","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem. PPB"},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"e298885","article-title":"Soil salinization and desertification dynamics in the cotton-growing regions of Uzbekistan: Mitigation approaches","volume":"85","author":"Abdiev","year":"2025","journal-title":"Braz. J. Biol. Rev. Brasleira Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chele, K.H., Tinte, M.M., Piater, L.A., Dubery, I.A., and Tugizimana, F. (2021). Soil Salinity, a Serious Environmental Issue and Plant Responses: A Metabolomics Perspective. Metabolites, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11110724"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, S., Hou, X., and Liang, X. (2021). Response Mechanisms of Plants Under Saline-Alkali Stress. Front. Plant Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.667458"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, J., and Yang, Y. (2023). How do plants maintain pH and ion homeostasis under saline-alkali stress?. Front. Plant Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1217193"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13731","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.13731","article-title":"Exogenous melatonin enhances soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seedling tolerance to saline-alkali stress by regulating antioxidant response and DNA damage repair","volume":"174","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e70378","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.70378","article-title":"Exogenous Melatonin Increased Soybean Yield Under Saline-Alkali Stress by Enhancing Plant Carbohydrate Metabolism and Transportation","volume":"177","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, Y., Wang, X., Jiao, Y., Liu, Y., Li, Y., Song, Y., Wang, L., Tong, X., Jiang, Y., and Wang, S. (2024). Elucidating the role of exogenous melatonin in mitigating alkaline stress in soybeans across different growth stages: A transcriptomic and metabolomic approach. BMC Plant Biol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-024-05101-9"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Feng, R., Zhu, J., Cao, Y., Feng, J., Zhao, Y., Du, J., and Du, Y. (2025). Exogenous tryptophan increases soybean yield by enhancing sucrose-starch metabolism in leaves and seeds at the R6 stage under salt-alkali stress. BMC Plant Biol., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-025-07277-0"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3355","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.70146","article-title":"The nicotinamide hypothesis revisited-plant defense signaling integrating PARP, nicotinamide, nicotinic acid, epigenetics, and glutathione","volume":"599","author":"Berglund","year":"2025","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2023.113766","article-title":"Effect of postharvest nicotinamide treatment on NAD+ metabolism and redox status in strawberry fruit during storage","volume":"213","author":"Piechowiak","year":"2023","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molp.2025.05.004","article-title":"NAD(H) and NADP(H) in plants and mammals","volume":"18","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2017.07.023","article-title":"Nicotinamide; antioxidative and DNA hypomethylation effects in plant cells","volume":"118","author":"Berglund","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem. PPB"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Santos, T.S.D., Correia, M.R.S., Sena, L.S., Santana, L.P.D.S., Silva, G.B.G.d., Lima, K.S., Dutra, E.V.d.S., Adas, M.E., Ribeiro, M.C.B.d.O., and Ribeiro, J.E.d.S. (2025). The Combination of Salicylic Acid, Nicotinamide, and Proline Mitigates the Damage Caused by Salt Stress in Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus). Plants, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants14081156"},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"101","article-title":"Selective responses of class III plant peroxidase isoforms to environmentally relevant UV-B doses","volume":"221","author":"Hideg","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2024.108533","article-title":"Methyl jasmonate improves selenium tolerance via regulating ROS signalling, hormonal crosstalk and phenylpropanoid pathway in Plantago ovata","volume":"209","author":"Dey","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem. PPB"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-57840-y","article-title":"Assessment of malathion toxicity on cytophysiological activity, DNA damage and antioxidant enzymes in root of Allium cepa model","volume":"10","author":"Srivastava","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Wu, Z., Zhou, Q., Wang, X., Song, S., and Dong, S. (2022). Physiological Response of Soybean Plants to Water Deficit. Front. Plant Sci., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2021.809692"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1080\/03601230600701668","article-title":"Estimation of efficiency of processing soil samples for pesticide residues analysis","volume":"41","author":"Suszter","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Environ. Sci. Health B"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2021.112369","article-title":"Prohexadione-calcium alleviates saline-alkali stress in soybean seedlings by improving the photosynthesis and up-regulating antioxidant defense","volume":"220","author":"Feng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112551","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.112551","article-title":"Selenium treatment promotes anthocyanin accumulation in radish sprouts (Raphanus sativus L.) by its regulation of photosynthesis and sucrose transport","volume":"165","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, W., Tu, J., Ya, J., Zhang, Q., Liu, Y., Zheng, D., Rao, G., and Xue, Y. (2025). Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals the complex response mechanisms of soybean leaves and roots to salt stress. BMC Plant Biol., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-025-07772-4"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ab.2007.01.005","article-title":"A plate reader method for the measurement of NAD, NADP, glutathione, and ascorbate in tissue extracts: Application to redox profiling during Arabidopsis rosette development","volume":"363","author":"Queval","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, Y., Shi, J., Li, J., Zhang, R., Xue, Y., and Liu, Y. (2024). Regulatory Mechanism through Which Old Soybean Leaves Respond to Mn Toxicity Stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25105341"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13983","DOI":"10.1111\/ppl.13983","article-title":"Exogenous melatonin mitigates saline-alkali stress by decreasing DNA oxidative damage and enhancing photosynthetic carbon metabolism in soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) leaves","volume":"175","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jiang, Z., Wang, M., Nicolas, M., Og\u00e9, L., P\u00e9rez-Garcia, M.-D., Crespel, L., Li, G., Ding, Y., Le Gourrierec, J., and Grappin, P. (2022). Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenases: The Hidden Players of Plant Physiology. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232416128"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ngara, R., Goche, T., Swanevelder, D.Z.H., and Chivasa, S. (2021). Sorghum\u2019s Whole-Plant Transcriptome and Proteome Responses to Drought Stress: A Review. Life, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/life11070704"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Tong, L., Liu, H., Li, B., and Zhang, R. (2025). Integrated metabolome and transcriptome analysis of maize roots response to different degrees of drought stress. BMC Plant Biol., 25.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-025-06505-x"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Y., Song, D., Qi, X., Asad, M., Wang, S., Tong, X., Jiang, Y., and Wang, S. (2023). Physiological responses and transcriptome analysis of soybean under gradual water deficit. Front. Plant Sci., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1269884"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Li, H., Sun, A., Wang, L., Ren, C., Liu, J., and Gao, X. (2022). Transcriptome analysis reveals key drought-stress-responsive genes in soybean. Front. Genet., 13.","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.1060529"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e112401","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.2022112401","article-title":"Phosphatidic acid-regulated SOS2 controls sodium and potassium homeostasis in Arabidopsis under salt stress","volume":"42","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2276","DOI":"10.1111\/pbi.70042","article-title":"GmAKT1-mediated K+ absorption positively modulates soybean salt tolerance by GmCBL9-GmCIPK6 complex","volume":"23","author":"Feng","year":"2025","journal-title":"Plant Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39025","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-025-25724-8","article-title":"Effect of exogenously applied amino acids on photosynthetic pigments, metabolites and enzymatic antioxidants in Zea mays L. subjected to salt stress","volume":"15","author":"Ahmad","year":"2025","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, M., Qu, Y., Lu, X., Gillani, S.W., Song, Y., Bai, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, C., Xu, Z., and Meng, C. (2025). Root-centered sodium sequestration and transcriptomic regulation under salt and alkali stress in wild soybean (Glycine soja). Front. Plant Sci., 16.","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2025.1675559"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109376","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2024.109376","article-title":"Investigation into the mechanisms of photosynthetic regulation and adaptation under salt stress in lavender","volume":"219","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem. PPB"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110964","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.110964","article-title":"Different methods of silicon application attenuate salt stress in sorghum and sunflower by modifying the antioxidative defense mechanism","volume":"203","author":"Chiconato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1111\/plb.13510","article-title":"Assessment of proline function in higher plants under extreme temperatures","volume":"25","author":"Raza","year":"2023","journal-title":"Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e08811","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2022.e08811","article-title":"Salt induced oxidative stress alters physiological, biochemical and metabolomic responses of green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii","volume":"8","author":"Fal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Heliyon"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farooq, T.H., Bukhari, M.A., Irfan, M.S., Rafay, M., Shakoor, A., Rashid, M.H.U., Lin, Y., Saqib, M., Malik, Z., and Khurshid, N. (2022). Effect of Exogenous Application of Nicotinic Acid on Morpho-Physiological Characteristics of Hordeum vulgare L. under Water Stress. Plants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants11182443"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, L., Sun, Y., Liu, Y., Zou, Y., Huang, J., Zheng, Y., and Liu, G. (2020). The N-Terminal Region of Soybean PM1 Protein Protects Liposomes during Freeze-Thaw. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21155552"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pcr052","article-title":"Fe binding properties of two soybean (Glycine max L.) LEA4 proteins associated with antioxidant activity","volume":"52","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pcq005","article-title":"Characterization of two soybean (Glycine max L.) LEA IV proteins by circular dichroism and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry","volume":"51","author":"Shih","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1018","DOI":"10.1093\/pcp\/pcx046","article-title":"Involvement of C-Terminal Histidines in Soybean PM1 Protein Oligomerization and Cu2+ Binding","volume":"58","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Plant Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6652","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-024-51114-1","article-title":"NAD+ deficiency primes defense metabolism via 1O2-escalated jasmonate biosynthesis in plants","volume":"15","author":"Hong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-arplant-083123-043500","article-title":"NAD Modification at the Battlefront in Plant-Pathogen Interactions","volume":"77","author":"Zhao","year":"2026","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, Q., Lin, Y., Tan, H., Zhou, Y., Wen, Y., Gan, J., Li, R., and Zhang, Q. (2020). Transcriptomic profiles of Dunaliella salina in response to hypersaline stress. BMC Genom., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-020-6507-2"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhan, Y., Wu, Q., Chen, Y., Tang, M., Sun, C., Sun, J., and Yu, C. (2019). Comparative proteomic analysis of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) seedlings under salt stress. BMC Genom., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-019-5737-7"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molp.2021.06.028","article-title":"Plant cytochrome P450 plasticity and evolution","volume":"14","author":"Hansen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.3390\/jox13030026","article-title":"Cytochrome P450 Gene Families: Role in Plant Secondary Metabolites Production and Plant Defense","volume":"13","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Xenobiot."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgr.2019.04.005","article-title":"Overexpression of ginseng cytochrome P450 CYP736A12 alters plant growth and confers phenylurea herbicide tolerance in Arabidopsis","volume":"43","author":"Khanom","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ginseng Res."}],"container-title":["Metabolites"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/16\/9\/649\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T12:27:14Z","timestamp":1788524834000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/16\/9\/649"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["metabo16090649"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo16090649","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-1989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-1989","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]}}}