{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T10:11:28Z","timestamp":1788948688412,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788912000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81873030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81873030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"award":["81873030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81873030"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/01h0zpd94","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Science Project of Education Department of Guangdong Province","award":["2024KSYS007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024KSYS007"]}]},{"name":"Science Project of Education Department of Guangdong Province","award":["2020ZDZX2045"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020ZDZX2045"]}]},{"name":"Innovative Research Team Funding Project of Zhaoqing University","award":["TD202414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TD202414"]}]},{"award":["TD202414"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TD202414"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/025n5kj18","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"China Association of Traditional Chinese Medicine Informatics","award":["CIA-2025-(KCFH)-001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIA-2025-(KCFH)-001"]}]},{"name":"Zhaoqing Science and Technology Innovation Guidance Project","award":["241217094169181"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["241217094169181"]}]},{"name":"Innovation and Entrepreneurship Training Program for College Students of Zhaoqing University","award":["S202610580064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S202610580064"]}]},{"award":["S202610580064"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["S202610580064"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/025n5kj18","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objectives: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease, and ginger contains phenolic constituents with anti-inflammatory potential. This study evaluated the antiarthritic efficacy of ginger ethanolic extract (GE) and explored its potential mechanisms through integrated pharmacological and computational approaches. Methods: GE was prepared by 70% ethanol reflux extraction and administered to adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rats, with methotrexate as a positive control. Body weight; paw swelling; arthritis index; spleen index; and serum interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) were measured. Chemical profiling was performed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography\u2013quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS\/MS), followed by network pharmacology, molecular docking, and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Results: GE attenuated paw edema, arthritis index elevation, splenic enlargement, and elevated serum inflammatory mediators in AIA rats. UPLC-Q-TOF-MS\/MS annotated 38 constituents, mainly gingerols, shogaols, gingerdiones, gingerdiols, and related phenolic derivatives. Network analysis identified 217 overlapping ginger- and RA-associated targets, with TNF, IL6, and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) prioritized among inflammatory and matrix-remodeling nodes. Docking and MD simulations supported stable predicted interactions for 8-gingerol-TNF and 6-gingerol-MMP9. Conclusions: GE showed antiarthritic activity in AIA rats. The integrated chemical, in vivo, and computational data suggest that ginger phenolics may modulate inflammatory mediators and candidate RA-related pathways; however, these mechanisms remain exploratory and require histological, tissue-level, and molecular validation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo16090661","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T09:24:02Z","timestamp":1788945842000},"page":"661","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bioactive Constituents of Ginger and Potential Mechanisms Underlying Its Anti-Rheumatoid Arthritis Effects: Integrated Efficacy Evaluation, Chemical Profiling, Network Pharmacology, and Molecular Dynamics Simulation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Hancheng","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinwei","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuting","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yangkai","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chaohua","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Research and Utilization of Southern Medicine, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongwu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, School of Food and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China"},{"name":"Risk Assessment Laboratory for Agricultural Product Quality and Safety, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Zhaoqing University, Zhaoqing 526061, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhixian","family":"Mo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Medicine, School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2022.11.009","article-title":"The pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"55","author":"Alivernini","year":"2022","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-020-2314-6","article-title":"NR1D1 modulates synovial inflammation and bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"11","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koper-Lenkiewicz, O.M., Sutkowska, K., Wawrusiewicz-Kurylonek, N., Kowalewska, E., and Matowicka-Karna, J. 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Nucleic Acids"}],"container-title":["Metabolites"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/16\/9\/661\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T10:01:42Z","timestamp":1788948102000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2218-1989\/16\/9\/661"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["metabo16090661"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo16090661","relation":{},"ISSN":["2218-1989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2218-1989","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]}}}