{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T13:07:54Z","timestamp":1789391274990,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]],"date-time":"2026-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background\/Objective: Insufficient research has examined the muscle damage and inflammatory effects of training performed in a fasted state with reduced (low) glycogen reserves. Methods: This study aimed to investigate the acute effects of exercise sessions performed under fasting (FST) and liquid nutrient-supplemented postprandial (PPD) conditions, as well as with full and reduced body glycogen stores, on muscle damage markers creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and the inflammatory marker interleukin-6 (IL-6). Eleven male amateur football players (mean age 19.91 \u00b1 1.64 years) were included in the study. Participants performed a single 60 min aerobic endurance exercise session at 70% VO2max under the liquid nutrient-supplemented PPD condition, and two 60 min sessions with a 60 min recovery interval under 10\u201312 h FST conditions. Data were analyzed using paired samples t-test, ANOVA, Wilcoxon, and Friedman tests, depending on parametric and nonparametric assumptions. Results: In pre-exercise (PRE-FE) measurements, no significant differences were observed between the FST and PPD conditions for GLU, CK, LDH, and IL-6 levels. In postexercise (POST-FE) measurements, GLU levels were significantly higher in the PPD condition than in the FST condition (p &lt; 0.05), whereas LA, CK, LDH, and IL-6 levels did not differ significantly between the two conditions. In the FST condition, following the second exercise session performed with default reduced glycogen availability (POST-SE), CK levels significantly increased from 279.36 \u00b1 16.7 U\/L to 335.63 \u00b1 20.3 U\/L, LDH levels from 178.72 \u00b1 38.1 U\/L to 208.09 \u00b1 50.7 U\/L, and IL-6 levels from 2.60 \u00b1 2.4 pg\/mL to 8.69 \u00b1 5.8 pg\/mL (p &lt; 0.05). In the PPD condition, no significant changes were observed in any of the parameters following a single exercise session (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: The two-a-day training approach performed with default reduced glycogen availability may increase muscle damage and inflammatory responses. These findings are considered as an inference that low-glycogen training should not be implemented during the pre-competition period because of the risk of inducing muscle damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo16090674","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,14]],"date-time":"2026-09-14T12:09:51Z","timestamp":1789387791000},"page":"674","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Effects of Different Dietary and Glycogen-Loaded Two-a-Day Training Approaches on Muscle Damage and Inflammatory Markers for Enhancing Metabolic Efficiency"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Serdar","family":"\u015eerare","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sivas E Type Closed and Open Penal Institution, General Directorate of Prisons and Detention Houses, Ministry of Justice, Ankara 06659, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"methodology","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"formal-analysis","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"data-curation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-original-draft","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"writing-review-editing","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"project-administration","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5902-8900","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serkan","family":"Pa\u00e7ac\u0131","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Erzincan Mustafa Dogan Anatolian High School, Ministry of National Education, Ankara 06640, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"software","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"visualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Necip","family":"Arman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Van Nene Hatun Girls\u2019 Vocational and Technical Anatolian High School, Ministry of National Education, Ankara 06640, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"resources","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"funding-acquisition","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"Ahmet","family":"Karada\u011f","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58140, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"}]},{"given":"An\u0131l","family":"\u015eahin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas 58140, T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"},{"role":"validation","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"supervision","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"conceptualization","vocabulary":"credit"},{"role":"investigation","vocabulary":"credit"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.1967.tb03720.x","article-title":"Diet, muscle glycogen and physical performance","volume":"71","author":"Hermansen","year":"1967","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. 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