{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,17]],"date-time":"2026-05-17T07:06:13Z","timestamp":1779001573198,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,20]],"date-time":"2018-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1542672000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Metabolites"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Breast milk is the gold standard of nutrition for newborns. Its composition is tailored to the nutritional needs of the infant and varies between mothers. In recent years, several bioactive molecules have been discovered in addition to the main nutrients, such as multipotent stem cells, hormones, immunoglobulins, and bacteria. Furthermore, the human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) seem to exert several important protective biological functions. According to the HMOs\u2019 composition, breast milk can be classified as a secretory or non-secretory phenotype. In our study, we investigated the metabolome of milk collected from 58 mothers that delivered neonates at term, that were appropriate, small or large for gestational age, by performing nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). From the data analysis, two groups were distinguished based on their different types of oligosaccharides, and classified according the mother phenotype: secretory and non-secretory. This information is of major importance given the different biological function of the different HMOs, such as immune-modulation and protection against disease. This would allow us to predict whether the neonate would be, for instance, more prone to developing certain diseases, and to tailor her or his nutrition to fit their needs perfectly and pave the way to a personalized nutrition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo8040079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,21]],"date-time":"2018-11-21T11:23:27Z","timestamp":1542799407000},"page":"79","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Metabolomics of Breast Milk: The Importance of Phenotypes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"8","author":[{"given":"Angelica","family":"Dess\u00ec","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Neonatal Pathology and Neonatal Section, Azienda University Polyclinic, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Despina","family":"Briana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Corbu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Neonatal Pathology and Neonatal Section, Azienda University Polyclinic, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stavroula","family":"Gavrili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, General District, Hospital Alexandra, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9695-5957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flaminia","family":"Cesare Marincola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sofia","family":"Georgantzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, General District, Hospital Alexandra, 11528 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3505-0310","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberta","family":"Pintus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Neonatal Pathology and Neonatal Section, Azienda University Polyclinic, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vassilios","family":"Fanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Neonatal Pathology and Neonatal Section, Azienda University Polyclinic, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ariadne","family":"Malamitsi-Puchner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 10679 Athens, Greece"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"225","article-title":"The composition of human milk","volume":"3","author":"Jenness","year":"1979","journal-title":"Semin. 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